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Here, we investigated whether the polymorphic outer surface protein C (OspC), used by the Lyme disease agent, <jats:italic>Borrelia afzelii<\/jats:italic>, to manipulate vertebrate host innate immunity, interacts with polymorphic major histocompatibility genes (MHC), while concurrently eliciting a strong antibody response, in one of its main hosts in Europe, the bank vole. We found signals of balancing selection acting on OspC, resulting in little differentiation in OspC variant frequencies between years. Neither MHC alleles nor their inferred functional groupings (supertypes) significantly predicted the specificity of infection with strains carrying different OspC variants. However, we found that MHC alleles, but not supertypes, significantly predicted the level of IgG antibodies against two common OspC variants among seropositive individuals. Our results thus indicate that MHC alleles differ in their ability to induce antibody responses against specific OspC variants, which may contribute to selection of OspC polymorphism by the vole immune system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T07:13:28Z","timestamp":1727162008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Interplay between vertebrate adaptive immunity and bacterial infectivity genes: Bank vole <scp>MHC<\/scp> versus <i>Borrelia afzelii<\/i><scp>OspC<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"R\u00f3\u017ca\u0144ska\u2010Wr\u00f3bel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Biology Group, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University  Pozna\u0144 Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0144-4370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Migalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University  Krak\u00f3w Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Urbanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences  Pozna\u0144 Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Grzybek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Parasitology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine Medical University of Gda\u0144sk  Gdynia Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6932-0940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan O. 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