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Despite being common in most malaria\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                    vector species,\n                    <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations have never been observed in\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the principal malaria vector in Eastern and Southern Africa, with resistance mainly being conferred by detoxification enzymes. In a parallel study, we monitored 10 populations of\n                    <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Tanzania for insecticide resistance unexpectedly identified resistance to a banned insecticide, DDT, in the Morogoro region. Through whole\u2010genome sequencing of 333\n                    <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    samples from these populations, we found eight novel amino acid substitutions in the\n                    <jats:italic>Vgsc<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, including the\n                    <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                    variant, L976F (equivalent to L995F in\n                    <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), in tight linkage disequilibrium with another (P1842S). The mutants were found only at high frequency in one region and were accompanied by weak signatures of a selective sweep, with a significant decline between 2017 and 2023. Notably,\n                    <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                    L976F was strongly associated with survivorship to exposure to DDT insecticide, while no clear association was noted with a pyrethroid insecticide (deltamethrin). The WHO prequalifies no DDT products for vector control, and the chemical is banned in Tanzania. Widespread DDT contamination and a legacy of extensive countrywide stockpiles may have selected for this mutation. Continued monitoring is necessary to understand the origin of\n                    <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                    in\n                    <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and the threat posed to insecticide\u2010based vector control in Africa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T20:01:11Z","timestamp":1728331271000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Discovery of Knock\u2010Down Resistance in the Major African Malaria Vector\n                    <i>Anopheles funestus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8463-2122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel\u00a0O.","family":"Odero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Ifakara Health Institute  Ifakara Tanzania"},{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan\u00a0P.\u00a0W.","family":"Dennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Polo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomology Section, Centre for Global Health Research Kenya Medical Research Institute  Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Nwezeobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Sanger Institute  Hinxton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilou","family":"Bodd\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Sanger Institute  Hinxton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1214-8523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay\u00a0C.","family":"Nagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Hernandez\u2010Koutoucheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Sanger Institute  Hinxton 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