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Nonetheless, little is known about the diversity of miRNAs and their mode(s) of action. In this study, we investigated the effects of infection by a parasitic lungworm (<jats:italic>Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala<\/jats:italic>) on miRNA and mRNA expression of its host, the invasive cane toad (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Rhinella marina<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>). To investigate the cane toad's innate and adaptive immune response to this parasite, we compared miRNA and mRNA expression in na\u00efve toads that had never been infected by lungworms to toads that were infected with lungworms for the first time in their lives, and toads that were infected the second time in their lives (i.e., had two consecutive infections). In total, we identified 101 known miRNAs and 86 potential novel miRNAs. Compared to uninfected and single\u2010infection toads, multiple\u2010infection animals drastically downregulated three miRNAs. These miRNAs were associated with gene pathways related to the immune response, potentially reflecting the immunosuppression of cane toads by their parasites<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic> Infected hosts did not respond with substantially differential mRNA transcription; only one gene was differentially expressed between control and single\u2010infection hosts. 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