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However, we still know relatively little about how the gut microbiota influences host responses to parasitism in wild organisms, particularly whether host\u2010microbiota interactions contribute to variation in parasitism across host species. The goal of this study was to determine the role of gut microbiota in shaping how birds respond to nest parasites and investigate whether this relationship varies between host species. Both eastern bluebirds (<jats:italic>Sialia sialis<\/jats:italic>) and tree swallows (<jats:italic>Tachycineta bicolor<\/jats:italic>) are parasitized by blow flies (<jats:italic>Protocalliphora sialia<\/jats:italic>), for which larval flies feed on nestlings' blood. We experimentally manipulated the gut microbiota of nestling bluebirds and tree swallows by dosing nestlings with an oral antibiotic or sterile water as a control. We then quantified nestling physiology (haemoglobin, glucose, parasite\u2010specific IgY antibody levels), body morphometrics, and survival until fledging, as well as blow fly abundance and size. An experimental disruption of nestling gut microbiota increased parasite abundance in tree swallows, but decreased parasite abundance in bluebirds, which suggests that the disruption has opposing effects on resistance across host species. Furthermore, experimental treatment delayed parasite development and had variable effects on nestling body morphometrics and physiology across the two host species. Together, these results suggest that gut microbiota contribute to host differences in resistance to blow flies and can influence host\u2013parasite interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T09:44:20Z","timestamp":1732268660000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An Early\u2010Life Disruption of Gut Microbiota Has Opposing Effects on Parasite Resistance in Two Host Species"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7144-7884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley C.","family":"Love","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Miami University  Oxford Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut  Storrs Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mia L.","family":"Nahom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut  Storrs Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut  Storrs Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Arthropod\u2010Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health United States Department of Agriculture  Manhattan Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut  Storrs Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6423-9561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Knutie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut  Storrs Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Institute for Systems Genomics University of Connecticut  Storrs Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-023-05343-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2005.323.325"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99379-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z91-286"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-020-01569-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-021-01924-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-021-00076-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-04808-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"363","article-title":"The External Parasites of Birds: A Review","volume":"63","author":"Boyd E. 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