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This study investigated the genetic structure and insecticide resistance profiles of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> complex mosquitoes in Tanzania. We analysed whole\u2010genome sequence data of 300 mosquitoes collected between 2012 and 2015 across four regions in northern Tanzania and identified <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.s., <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic> and a distinct taxonomic group that was previously unknown. This distinct taxon has a unique profile of genetic diversity and appears restricted to the coastal region, and we refer to it as the <jats:italic>Pwani<\/jats:italic> molecular form. Analysis of insecticide resistance based on target\u2010site mutations and copy number variations (CNV) showed that these markers were strikingly absent from the <jats:italic>Pwani<\/jats:italic> molecular form in contrast to other taxa. Our analysis also revealed a pattern of geographical isolation in the <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.s. populations, with samples from the north\u2010western site (Muleba) clustering separately from those collected in the north\u2010eastern site (Muheza). These geographically isolated subpopulations also had differing resistance and selection profiles, with <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.s. from the north\u2010western site showing genomic evidence of higher resistance to pyrethroids compared with the north\u2010eastern population. Conversely, <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic> showed no geographical population structuring, with a similar insecticide resistance profile across all sampling locations, suggesting unrestricted gene flow. Our findings underscore the need to incorporate genetic data into malaria vector surveillance and control decisions and could inform the development and deployment of new interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T02:35:38Z","timestamp":1744857338000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Genomic Analysis Reveals a New Cryptic Taxon Within the <i>Anopheles gambiae<\/i> Complex With a Distinct Insecticide Resistance Profile in the Coast of East Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6789-874X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia H.","family":"Mwinyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department Ifakara Health Institute  Ifakara Morogoro Tanzania"},{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health and 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