{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:12:02Z","timestamp":1789168322360,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["492407022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["492407022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["497674620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["497674620"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cichlids are a textbook model system of adaptive radiation and a fascinating example of rapid sex chromosome evolution. Yet in these fish, as in most other taxa, the mechanisms causing sex chromosome turnover and the subsequent impact thereof are unknown. Sexual antagonism was long thought to be a driver of sex chromosome emergence, but experimental support remains scarce. Here, we show that sex\u2010biased genes, often used as indicators of sexual antagonism, are enriched in three different sex chromosome systems of Lake Tanganyika cichlid species that diverged less than 4 million years ago. Moreover, gene expression is feminised in species that transitioned from an XY to a ZW system on the same chromosome. This is achieved by gain of female\u2010biased genes, increase of female sex\u2010bias as well as decrease of male\u2010bias depending on the tissue investigated. We further show that XY sex chromosomes have more male\u2010biased genes but without higher intensity of sex\u2010biased expression. A large fraction of sex\u2010bias in gene expression evolved adaptively, with a stronger signature in females than males. While we find that sex\u2010bias in gene expression clearly depends on the heterogametic system, we find only weak support for sex\u2010biased expression priming chromosomes to become sex chromosomes. Overall, we conclude that there is little evidence that sexual antagonism drives sex chromosome emergence but that it likely plays a role during sex chromosome differentiation. We see rapid emergence of antagonistic expression in sex\u2010linked genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.70152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T16:12:00Z","timestamp":1760803920000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["<scp>ZW<\/scp>\n                    and\n                    <scp>XY<\/scp>\n                    Sex Chromosomes Drive Rapid and Distinctive Evolution of Sex\u2010Biased Gene Expression"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Hsiung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change Museum Koenig Bonn  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie Helen","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change Museum Koenig Bonn  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1284-3115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Astrid","family":"B\u00f6hne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change Museum Koenig Bonn  Bonn 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