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In some Neotropical poison frogs, males exhibit specialised mucous glands (SMGs) in the hand integument that express high levels of sodefrin precursor\u2010like factors (SPFs), an amphibian pheromone. Some species also show integumentary swellings at the distal upper arm\u2014known as the black arm gland (BAG)\u2014of unclear function. We used histology and RNA sequencing to analyse the arm and finger integument of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Hyloxalus nexipus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>H. azureiventris<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    to examine glandular composition, gene expression and potential pheromone production. We confirmed the co\u2010occurrence of two sexually dimorphic macroglands\u2014swollen fingers and BAG\u2014in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>H. nexipus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , a rare trait in dendrobatids. Both structures differentially expressed SPF, suggesting complementary roles in courtship. We also provide the first histological characterisation of the BAG in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>H. nexipus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and the homologous region in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>H. azureiventris<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , revealing that both are composed of specialised serous glands (SSGs). Notably, SPF expression in the BAG of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>H. nexipus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    indicates that SSGs, previously not linked to this function, can also produce proteinaceous pheromones. In\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>H. azureiventris<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , no differential SPF expression was found in the arm, making its reproductive role uncertain. Both species expressed SPF in their fingers; thus, we hypothesise that\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>H. azureiventris<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    may have specialised glands despite lacking visible swelling, based on other dendrobatids where SPF is upregulated in male fingers with SMGs linked to pheromone production. Our findings reveal a novel pheromone\u2010producing gland and emphasise the complexity of chemical communication in dendrobatid reproduction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.70162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T11:44:01Z","timestamp":1762429441000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Histological and Gene Expression Analyses of the Arm and Finger Macroglands of Two\n                    <i>Hyloxalus<\/i>\n                    Frogs (Dendrobatidae)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3336-3487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Abondano Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife\u2010\/Zoo\u2010Animal\u2010Biology and Systematics, Faculty of Biological Sciences Goethe University Frankfurt  Frankfurt am Main Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marvin","family":"Anganoy\u2010Criollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taran","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofiia","family":"Klimovych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife\u2010\/Zoo\u2010Animal\u2010Biology and Systematics, Faculty of Biological Sciences Goethe University Frankfurt  Frankfurt am Main Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Schulte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife\u2010\/Zoo\u2010Animal\u2010Biology and Systematics, Faculty of Biological Sciences Goethe University Frankfurt  Frankfurt am Main Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17476"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4758.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1655\/02\u201051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1655\/Herpetologica\u2010D\u201021\u201000015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Blighe K. 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