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By analysing\n                    <jats:italic>mgrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>phoPQ<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>pmrAB<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes in susceptible (PM\u2010S) and resistant (PM\u2010R) populations through neutrality tests (Tajima\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Fu &amp; Li's\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) we uncovered polygenic adaptation and positive selection as a key driver of resistance. High genetic diversity was observed across all\n                    <jats:italic>loci<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with\n                    <jats:italic>mgrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    insertions dominating PM\u2010R populations. Negative Tajima and Fu &amp; Li's\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    values and excess rare alleles revealed recent population expansions linked to the reintroduction of polymyxins in the 2010s. Positive selection via selective sweeps was detected in PM\u2010R isolates, exemplified by the rapid spread of haplotype 27, which presents\n                    <jats:italic>mgrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    insertions, the major determinant of LPS modification pathway hyperactivation. The expansion of this haplotype suggests that horizontal gene transfer accelerates resistance dissemination. The elevated genetic diversity observed in the\n                    <jats:italic>phoPQ<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>pmrAB<\/jats:italic>\n                    systems among isolates harbouring\n                    <jats:italic>mgrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    alterations may reflect reduced adaptive fitness costs, enabling the preservation of genomic variability despite sustained selective pressures. Our results demonstrate that polymyxin resistance arises through polygenic adaptation and positive selection, combining\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations, recombination and selection\u2010driven sweeps. These dynamics threaten to exacerbate resistance in hospital environments, emphasising the need for genomic surveillance and alternative therapies. This study bridges molecular evolution and clinical epidemiology, offering insights into the resilience of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and the ecological drivers of antimicrobial resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.70234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T09:43:47Z","timestamp":1768902227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genetic Diversity of Polymyxin Resistance Genes in\n                    <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    Clinical Isolates"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Daniel Miceli","family":"Serwy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiocruz, Laborat\u00f3rio de Bacteriologia Aplicada a Sa\u00fade \u00danica e Resist\u00eancia Antimicrobiana Instituto Oswaldo Cruz  Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Eduarda Rocha","family":"Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiocruz, Laborat\u00f3rio de Bacteriologia Aplicada a Sa\u00fade \u00danica e Resist\u00eancia Antimicrobiana Instituto Oswaldo Cruz  Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Luiza Carneiro","family":"Alencar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiocruz, Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunoparasitologia Instituto Oswaldo Cruz  Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto Leonan Morim","family":"Novaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiocruz Mata Atl\u00e2ntica  Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josu\u00e9 da Costa","family":"Lima\u2010Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiocruz, Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunoparasitologia Instituto Oswaldo Cruz  Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio Faria","family":"da Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiocruz, Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas Instituto Oswaldo Cruz  Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Carvalho\u2010Assef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiocruz, Laborat\u00f3rio de Bacteriologia Aplicada a Sa\u00fade \u00danica e Resist\u00eancia Antimicrobiana Instituto Oswaldo Cruz  Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0031-6537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teca Calcagno","family":"Galvao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiocruz, Laborat\u00f3rio de Bacteriologia Aplicada a Sa\u00fade \u00danica e Resist\u00eancia Antimicrobiana Instituto Oswaldo Cruz  Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviane","family":"Zahner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiocruz, Laborat\u00f3rio Integrado \u2010 Simul\u00eddeos e Oncocercose &amp; 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