{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T02:22:22Z","timestamp":1777688542589,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI116811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI116811"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV\u2010062921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV\u2010062921"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV\u2010074868"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV\u2010074868"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Malaria, a febrile disease caused by the\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites and transmitted by mosquitoes, is a leading cause of mortality in children under 5 in endemic countries. The widespread deployment of insecticide\u2010treated bed nets (ITNs) has significantly reduced malaria transmission, but rising levels of insecticide resistance threaten to halt the progress. Monitoring insecticide resistance is vital for effective vector control, particularly when deploying new tools. Understanding mosquito population responses to these interventions is crucial for guiding control programmes in making informed decisions about the selection, timing and geographic deployment of tools. This genomic study investigates the demographic and evolutionary consequences on the malaria vector\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    of deploying standard ITNs (containing only pyrethroids) and pyrethroid\u2010PBO nets (containing pyrethroids plus the synergist piperonyl butoxide) during a clinical trial in Uganda. Despite substantial reductions in indoor mosquito densities in the clinical trial, estimates of nucleotide diversity (\u03c0) and linkage disequilibrium revealed no significant decline in effective population size, reflecting continued large population size even after effective control. Marked allele frequency shifts at resistance\u2010associated loci indicated strong selection pressures driven by the interventions, with distinct selective dynamics between the two net types, highlighting alternative pyrethroid detoxification pathways in the presence of PBO. A duplication in the\n                    <jats:italic>Cyp9k1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene significantly increased in frequency in populations exposed to pyrethroid\u2010only nets but decreased in populations exposed to PBO\u2010treated nets, suggesting that selection for over\u2010expression of this gene is removed when this resistance mechanism is impacted by PBO. An alternative potential detoxification mechanism was selected within a region of the 2La chromosomal inversion on chromosome 2\u2009L, which encompasses the UDP\u2010glucose 6\u2010dehydrogenase gene. This variant consistently increased in frequency when exposed to PBO\u2010treated nets. Additionally, pyrethroid\u2010only nets selected for a novel locus on the X chromosome containing the diacylglycerol kinase gene, which is potentially linked to behavioural adaptations through its role in neurotransmission modulation. Our findings underscore the importance of genomic surveillance in vector control, revealing distinct evolutionary dynamics of insecticide resistance mechanisms in the presence of PBO. While ITNs remain effective, the persistence and evolution of resistance\u2010associated alleles highlight the need for adaptive and dynamic resistance management strategies. By integrating high\u2010resolution genomic data with epidemiological and entomological monitoring, this study offers actionable insights to sustain malaria control efforts amid the ongoing challenge of insecticide resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.70284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T19:04:52Z","timestamp":1772996692000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genetic Surveillance Reveals Differential Evolutionary Dynamic of\n                    <i>Anopheles gambiae<\/i>\n                    Under Contrasting Insecticidal Tools Used in Malaria Control"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9152-8972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harun N.","family":"Njoroge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Namuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine  Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration  Kampala Uganda"},{"name":"National Malaria Elimination Division, Ministry of Health  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1214-8523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay C.","family":"Nagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Hernandez\u2010Koutoucheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"McDermott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Gonahasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine  Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Lynd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ambrose","family":"Oruni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Maiteki\u2010Sebuguzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Elimination Division, Ministry of Health  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Opigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Elimination Division, Ministry of Health  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adoke","family":"Yeka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agaba","family":"Katureebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Kyohere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moses R.","family":"Kamya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration  Kampala Uganda"},{"name":"Makerere University College of Health Sciences  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"Dorsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Hemingway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah G.","family":"Staedke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8757-1660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Clarkson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alistair","family":"Miles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ellison Institute of Technology  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3892-1668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric R.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"587","article-title":"Test for Association Between Dieldrin Resistance and 2La Inversion Polymorphism in Anopheles Coluzzii From Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"36","author":"Adeogun A. O.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tropical Biomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003097"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1608295113"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102915.2000.00222.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215669"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15845"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(13)60310\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.105837"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjae015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa128"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475\u20102875\u20108\u2010215"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009556"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2016.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1297271"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M701824200"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c12376"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201475109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","volume-title":"Piperonyl Butoxide\u2009: The Insecticide Synergist","author":"Jones D. G.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004842"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz081"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100117"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001388"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201070713\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201040693\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49892-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010019\u20103353\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201065050\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msq002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266420"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(22)00469\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010016\u20101621\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","unstructured":"Miles A. H.Lee andC.Clarkson.2024.\u201cMalariagen\/Malariagen\u2010Data\u2010Python.\u201dZenodo.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.13899118."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936\u2010015\u20100693\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008768"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576\u2010021\u201000349\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558\u20105646.1975.tb00807.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16591"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936\u2010016\u20101214\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936\u2010023\u201004806\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.15433.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936\u2010018\u20102234\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq033"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.2019.\u201cR: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.\u201dVienna Austria. R Foundation for Statistical Programming."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102583.2000.00209.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(91)90239-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756\u20103305\u20107\u2010176"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475\u20102875\u20108\u2010147"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ae.2016.41001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nargab\/lqaa113"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752\u20104571.2009.00096.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12508"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204\u2010011\u20100726\u2010x.Molecular"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965\u20101748(03)00023\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(20)30214\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063\u2010019\u20103382\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn209"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936\u2010023\u201004568\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24995"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20704"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-3132-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1719663115"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.111.132233"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201021265\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0030217"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_1","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2024","author":"WHO","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007831"}],"container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mec.70284","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/mec.70284","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mec.70284","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T07:58:11Z","timestamp":1775721491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mec.70284"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/mec.70284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.70284","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-1083","1365-294X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-1083","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-294X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70284"}}