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In this study, we examined the morphology of the venom apparatus (venom reservoir volume and sting length) and the composition and activity of the venom across castes (soldier, submajor and media\/minor) of the army ant\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Eciton hamatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    to investigate how caste differentiation influences venom traits. Morphometric analyses revealed that soldiers have larger venom reservoirs and longer stings, consistent with their specialised role in defending the colony against vertebrates. Integrative venom profiling using transcriptomics and mass spectrometry identified 11 venom peptides, including a glycopeptide bearing a complex\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010Glycan. Notably, soldiers had a streamlined venom peptide composition compared with other castes. Despite this reduced complexity, soldier venom was more potent in functional assays, showing enhanced paralytic effects on insect prey and stronger pain\u2010inducing activity on vertebrate neurons. Chymotrypsin enzymes, more abundant in the venoms of soldier castes, may also serve a pre\u2010digestive role. This pattern suggests an evolutionary trade\u2010off favouring a limited set of highly effective components tailored to the dual function of defence and predation in soldiers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.70290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T10:01:28Z","timestamp":1773741688000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Caste\u2010Specific Functional Variation in the Venom of the Army Ant\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Eciton hamatum<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7766-0088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axel","family":"Touchard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"},{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel D.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, UMR Ecologie des for\u00eats de Guyane\u2014EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CIRAD, INRAE, Universit\u00e9 de Guyane, Universit\u00e9 des Antilles), Campus Agronomique  Kourou Guyane France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Atherton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, UMR Ecologie des for\u00eats de Guyane\u2014EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CIRAD, INRAE, Universit\u00e9 de Guyane, Universit\u00e9 des Antilles), Campus Agronomique  Kourou Guyane France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5636-3228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Orivel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Vetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, UMR Ecologie des for\u00eats de Guyane\u2014EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CIRAD, INRAE, Universit\u00e9 de Guyane, Universit\u00e9 des Antilles), Campus Agronomique  Kourou Guyane France"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy The University of Queensland  Woolloongabba Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1139-5792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corrie S.","family":"Moreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2007.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2000.3699"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00040-005-0817-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2003.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","article-title":"A Peptide Toxin in Ant Venom Mimics Vertebrate EGF\u2010Like Hormones to Cause Long\u2010Lasting Hypersensitivity in Mammals","volume":"119","author":"Eagles D. 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