{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T07:08:45Z","timestamp":1783840125903,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\/27\/B\/NZ8\/00810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/27\/B\/NZ8\/00810"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Genetic diversity is essential for the adaptive potential of species, particularly in the context of parasitic infections, which exert strong selective pressures on host populations. While reduced genetic diversity is often linked to increased susceptibility to infection, the extent to which this applies across different genetic markers and ecological contexts remains unclear. In this meta\u2010analysis, we synthesized data from 35 studies encompassing 27 bird species and 85 effect sizes to examine the relationship between individual genetic diversity and avian malaria infections caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium, Haemoproteus,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Leucocytozoon<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We focused on the influence of genetic marker type (functional vs. neutral), parasite genus, infection assessment method, host migratory behaviour, and latitude. Contrary to expectations, we found no significant association between individual genetic diversity and either infection prevalence or intensity, regardless of marker type. Meta\u2010regression analyses further revealed that none of the tested moderators\u2014including parasite genus, infection assessment method, migratory behaviour, or latitude\u2014significantly influenced this relationship. Similarly, analyses restricted to MHC data showed no effect of additional moderators such as MHC class or genotyping method. These findings suggest that broad measures of genetic diversity may not reliably predict infection outcomes in wild bird populations. It is likely that such measures obscure finer genetic effects from specific alleles (e.g., MHC variants). Moreover, reliance solely on parasite genetic material may underrepresent infection status. We recommend that future studies integrate general diversity metrics with allele\u2010specific analyses and incorporate antibody\u2010based diagnostics to more accurately capture infection dynamics and host\u2013parasite co\u2010evolution in natural systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.70374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T07:30:21Z","timestamp":1778916621000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Avian Malaria Infections Are Not Associated With Host Genetic Diversity: A Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7270-4838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"Podmok\u0142a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University  Krak\u00f3w Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5193-4562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Pluci\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University  Krak\u00f3w Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4007-5915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Dubiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum and Institute of Zoology Polish Academy of Sciences  Warszawa Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194694"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862\u2010019\u20101435\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182025000393"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5700"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393\u2010013\u20100899\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442\u2010021\u201004854\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1181"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14592"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.12221"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02453"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/701169"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","volume-title":"Atlas of Clinical Avian Hematology","author":"Clark P.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"delRe A. 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