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Genomics show that a solution does not always come with more data: a fine\u2010scaled view may reveal populations with a more gradual array of differentiation, infer cases of hybrid origin and bring to light the existence of ghost populations. The false heath fritillary,\n                    <jats:italic>Melitaea diamina<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is a Palearctic butterfly with patchy, localized populations highly dependent on humid temperate habitats. Despite its extensive geographic range, populations at the southern edge of its European distribution are scarce and poorly studied genetically. Here, we employed genome\u2010wide data to reveal the existence of two major groups in\n                    <jats:italic>M. diamina<\/jats:italic>\n                    : an Iberian and a Eurasian lineage. Within Iberia, we documented a remarkable diversity: the populations in the Pyrenees are of hybrid origin between the Eurasian lineage and a now apparently extinct Iberian population. The ghost population was related to three extant additional Iberian lineages that align with mitochondrial differentiation, distinct morphological traits, and\/or ecological specialization in the form of host plant association. Gene flow analyses suggested historical admixture despite current isolation, underscoring the complex evolutionary history of these populations. We attempt a revised taxonomic framework for this novel array of evolutionary significant units, adopting an updated subspecies concept\u2014defining subspecies as incompletely separated lineages within a more inclusive lineage. Such an approach allows accurate representation of evolutionary complexity without prematurely elevating these populations to species rank, thereby informing targeted, biologically meaningful conservation strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.70474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T09:22:27Z","timestamp":1784712147000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A New Challenge to Species Delimitation: Remarkable Genomic and Ecological Diversity in the Butterfly\n                    <i>Melitaea diamina<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3374-0673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loukia","family":"Spilani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC\u2010Universitat Pompeu Fabra)  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology University of Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9954-7027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9ria","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC\u2010Universitat Pompeu Fabra)  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7485-3777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Montiel\u2010Pantoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher  Asturias Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7168-4675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Sanjurjo\u2010Franch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher  Oviedo Asturias Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2759-1010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher  Asturias Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0634-4643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Montagud Alario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museu de la Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia d'Hist\u00f2ria Natural (MUVHN) Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia  Burjassot Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7129-4526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Dapporto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia dell'Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Firenze  Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1791-2148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlad","family":"Dinc\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Genetics Research Unit University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"},{"name":"\u201cGrigore Antipa\u201d National Museum of Natural History  Bucharest Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2447-4388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger","family":"Vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC\u2010Universitat Pompeu Fabra)  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10841-022-00441-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.112253"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adm8596"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13579"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","article-title":"An Updated Concept of Subspecies Resolves a Dispute About the Taxonomy of Incompletely Separated Lineages","author":"Queiroz K.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Herpetological Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Els Rhopalocera Dels Ports de Tortosa\u2010Beseit (Lepidoptera)","author":"De\u2010Gregorio J. 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