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Sponges host exceptionally diverse microbiomes, potentially providing rich microbial reservoirs for their residents. The tusked goby (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Risor ruber<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), an obligate sponge\u2010dweller, and its sponge hosts provide an ideal model to investigate the causes and consequences of shared microbial taxa in host\u2013resident systems. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, we characterised the microbiomes of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>R. ruber<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    skin and gut, their sponge hosts, a non\u2010obligate, sponge\u2010associated goby (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Elacatinus prochilos<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) and seawater. We quantified microbial overlap among hosts, examined ontogenetic patterns of shared microbiomes across goby body size and assessed the putative ecological benefits of shared microbial taxa for\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>R. ruber<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . We reveal more than 500 microbial ASVs shared between\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>R. ruber<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and their sponge hosts. The unique microbial overlap between\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>R. ruber<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and their sponge hosts far exceeded overlap with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. prochilos<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and seawater. Shared taxa are putatively linked to nutrient acquisition, vitamin biosynthesis and pathogen defence, suggesting potential benefits for\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>R. ruber<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    from inhabiting microbially rich sponges\n                    <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The proportion of the shared microbiome between\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>R. ruber<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    gut and sponges declines with goby body size, which suggests that the goby may undergo ontogenetic changes in diet or gut development\n                    <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Thus, sponges provide more than shelter: they may function as microbial reservoirs and nutritional sources for residents. These findings underscore the need to protect microbially rich habitats and further study host\u2013resident microbial interactions in marine systems and beyond.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.70523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T12:40:21Z","timestamp":1787229621000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cryptic Interactions in a Marine Microcosm: Sponges Shape the Microbiome of a Resident Goby"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5489-276X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid Vasconcellos","family":"Bunholi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute  Port Aransas Texas 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