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Previous genome\u2010wide association studies (GWAS) of red and black transitions in two mimics (\n \n Bombus melanopygus<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n \n Bombus vancouverensis<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ) revealed that black forms were generated by independently deleting a portion of the same cis\u2010regulatory region near the Hox gene\n Abdominal\u2010B<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Abd\u2010B<\/jats:italic>\n ). Here, we test the genetic basis of these mimetic colour forms in a third co\u2010mimic,\n \n Bombus flavifrons<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n , that has continuous variation in red and black that is shifted posteriorly one segment compared to its co\u2010mimics. Using genome\u2010wide association of red and black forms, we identified a structural variant <\u200950\u2009bp away from the deletions in\n \n B. melanopygus<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n \n B. vancouverensis<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n that was strongly associated with the colour phenotype. Sequencing across mimicry zones and closely related taxa revealed that all red forms of\n \n B. flavifrons<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n and monomorphic red close relative\n \n Bombus centralis<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n have a 319\u2009bp tandem duplication at this locus that has extensive modification to the duplicated copy. Black forms of\n \n B. flavifrons<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n from the Cascades also have this duplication but without the modifications, while black forms in the western Rockies mostly lack this duplication, similar to ancestral black forms. This suggests independent mechanisms may regulate the black phenotypes in different populations and that ancestral sorting of variation and\/or adaptive introgression generated these phenotypes. This study strengthens support for this\n Abd\u2010B<\/jats:italic>\n cis\u2010regulatory region being a hotspot for regulating abdominal coloration in bumble bees, and features the role of regulatory region duplication in creating novel phenotypes.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.70539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T07:16:26Z","timestamp":1788765386000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Cis\u2010Regulatory Duplication in a Hox Hotspot Implicated in Mimetic Convergence in the Bumble Bee\n \n Bombus flavifrons<\/i>\n <\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3920-4698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tun\u00e7","family":"Dabak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3725-5640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Lozier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecil","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Meadows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6654-7370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan Berenguer Uhuad","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit The University of Hawai\u2018i, M\u0101noa Honolulu Hawaii USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0299-5569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather M.","family":"Hines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Entomology Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Andrews S.2010.\u201cFastQC: A Quality Control Tool for High Throughput Sequence Data.\u201dhttp:\/\/www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk\/projects\/fastqc."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"Baranasic D.2020.\u201cJASPAR2020: Data Package for JASPAR Database (Version 2020). 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