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Furthermore, hosts often deal with multiple parasite taxa (hereon, co\u2010parasitism), which can directly compete with each other or indirectly interact through the hosts' immune system (i.e., priority effects). Several introduced parasite taxa, such as the hematophagous avian vampire fly (\n                    <jats:italic>Philornis downsi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and avian pox virus, have established in the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands and negatively affect endemic birds, such as Darwin's finches. The overall objective of our study was to understand the dynamics between avian vampire flies and avian pox in small ground finches (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Geospiza fuliginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ). First, we tested and found the presence of two avian pox strains in nestlings, their mothers, and larval files. Our results suggest that avian pox is not transmitted vertically because strains did not match between nestlings and their mothers; however, larval flies have transmission potential because their strains matched their respective host. Fly abundance was also experimentally manipulated to determine the effect of fly parasitism on pox prevalence in nestlings. We found that vampire flies, depending on their abundance, may inhibit and facilitate pox establishment. Nestlings without flies were more likely to test positive for pox than nestlings with intermediate fly abundances, suggesting that priority effects inhibit or delay the establishment of pox. However, priority effects appeared to shift to facilitation of pox establishment in nestlings with high fly abundances. Our study presents evidence for inhibitory and facilitatory priority effects of early\u2010life fly parasitism on risk of pox infection in nestling finches.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.70548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:13:49Z","timestamp":1790651629000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Priority Effects Shape Interactions Between Invasive Parasites in Darwin's Finches of the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0738-5256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandria","family":"Soldo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut  Storrs Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan P.","family":"Shannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut  Storrs Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7144-7884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley C.","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut  Storrs Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1345-1674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"McNew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0679-2603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime A.","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colegio de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Ambientales Universidad San Francisco de Quito  Quito Pichincha Ecuador"},{"name":"Department of Biology San Francisco State University  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"Gal\u00e1pagos Science Center Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ and University of North Carolina\u2010Chapel Hill  San Cristobal Gal\u00e1pagos Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6423-9561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Knutie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut  Storrs Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Institute for Systems Genomics University of Connecticut  Storrs Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.02.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727\u201099\u201024444"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Serological and Clinicopathological Features and Associated Risk Factors of Avian Pox","volume":"3","author":"Alehegn E.","year":"2014","journal-title":"British Journal of Poultry Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200007582X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230701"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901308106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12030338"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v7082844"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ\u20102017\u2010066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.55.1.80\u2010122.1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978\u20100\u201012\u2010384939\u20107.10007\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003003329"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.79.3.1623\u20101634.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34559"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.05937"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1588207"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5452.443"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","first-page":"134","article-title":"Philornis Flies From Trinidad (Diptera: Muscidae)","volume":"41","author":"Dodge H. 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