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Ecological specialists are hypothesised to be at particular risk, given that morphological, physiological, and\/or behavioural constraints are expected to impede their responses to rapid habitat degradation. Nevertheless, studies have found mixed support for this hypothesis, raising the question, \u2018how resilient are specialists to environmental change?\u2019 Here, we test the hypothesis that ecological specialists, limited by behavioural and physiological constraints, may be at an energetic disadvantage in degraded habitats. Specifically, we tested whether Critically Endangered dietary specialist primates, black\u2010and\u2010white ruffed lemurs (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Varecia variegata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), living in secondary forests suffered nutritional and energetic deficits compared to those in primary forest habitats over a 12\u2010month period. To do this, we used mixed modelling approaches to examine relationships among behaviour, nutritional chemistry, 16S sequencing, metagenome functional predictions, metabolite profiles, and energetic outcomes. Compared to primary forest\u2010living conspecifics, we found that animals in the degraded forest consumed slightly fewer calories from less diverse diets. These animals exhibited less diverse gut microbiota, reduced microbial functional potential, and altered metabolomic profiles. Nevertheless, despite apparent nutritional constraints, energetic outcomes were broadly similar across habitats. These findings suggest that an organism's gut microbiome may be able to regulate microbial metabolic potential to facilitate resilience under suboptimal conditions. These findings highlight host\u2010microbiome interactions as an important component of resilience in ecological specialists, with broad implications for predicting species persistence amid ongoing environmental change.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.70562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T02:18:33Z","timestamp":1790561913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbial and Metabolic Flexibility in Response to Habitat Disturbance in an Ecologically Specialist Primate"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9918-8135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Beeby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Hunter College CUNY  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology The Graduate Center CUNY  New York New York USA"},{"name":"The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP)  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Ranomafana Ruffed Lemur Project (RRLP)  Ranomafana Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4409-2686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charline","family":"Rasoanarimalala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ranomafana Ruffed Lemur Project (RRLP)  Ranomafana Madagascar"},{"name":"Department of Sciences University of Fianarantsoa  Fianarantsoa Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihary F.","family":"Rasoavolandrainy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ranomafana Ruffed Lemur Project (RRLP)  Ranomafana Madagascar"},{"name":"Department of Animal Biology University of Antananarivo  Antananarivo Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Hunter College CUNY  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology The Graduate Center CUNY  New York New York USA"},{"name":"The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP)  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Higham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP)  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology New York University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2258-9544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Luisa Savo","family":"Sardaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Science and Promotion of the Quality of Life University of San Raffaele  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2722-9414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine R.","family":"Amato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1174-2395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy H.","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4722-0532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Baden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Hunter College CUNY  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology The Graduate Center CUNY  New York New York USA"},{"name":"The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP)  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Ranomafana Ruffed Lemur Project (RRLP)  Ranomafana Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2016.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853974X00534"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-014-0554-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-015-3507-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00191-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23045"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"A Behaviorally Plastic Response to Forest Composition and Logging Disturbance by Varecia variegata variegata in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar","author":"Balko E. 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