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To investigate the genomic architecture underlying host\u2010associated differentiation in parasitic wasps, we generated a\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    genome assembly and performed whole\u2010genome re\u2010sequencing of 17 populations of the parasitoid wasp\n                    <jats:italic>Asecodes parviclava<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Eulophidae) across a latitudinal gradient and multiple\n                    <jats:italic>Galerucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    host species. Despite panmixia in host populations, we identified three genetically differentiated wasp lineages, with the most profound divergence separating\n                    <jats:italic>Galerucella tenella<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010associated wasps from other populations. Locus\u2010specific scans revealed that selection acts highly asymmetrically. We detected significant differentiation and copy\u2010number expansion clustered within venom\u2010related gene families, contrasting sharply with a near\u2010complete lack of divergence in chemosensory genes. This decoupled evolution suggests that host finding may rely on behavioural plasticity, whereas physiological compatibility is genetically hard\u2010wired via multi\u2010layered immune\u2010suppression mechanisms. Finally, asymmetrical gene flow in northern populations demonstrates that fine\u2010scale habitat overlap creates ecological connectivity without eroding specialized lineages, as intense host\u2010mediated selection purges maladapted hybrids. Ultimately, our study demonstrates that physiological barriers, rather than behavioural recognition, may maintain specialized parasitoid lineages, providing new insights into the genomic basis of speciation with gene flow in specialized natural enemies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.70589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T07:14:45Z","timestamp":1791789285000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Host\u2010Associated Differentiation in a Parasitoid Wasp Connected to Venom\u2010Related but Not Chemosensory Genes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Xuyue","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2962-2669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Fracassetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab) Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6020-5102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanja","family":"Slotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab) Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1863-2340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher W.","family":"Wheat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab) Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Zoology Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6362-6199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter A.","family":"Hamb\u00e4ck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24078"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"Alexa A. andJ.Rahnefuhrer.2010.\u201ctopGO: Enrichment Analysis for Gene Ontology. 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