{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:50:46Z","timestamp":1792137046100,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\u201004285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\u201004285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\u201000689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\u201000689"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\u201004996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\u201004996"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\u201004391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\u201004391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\u201003976"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\u201003976"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025\u201005137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025\u201005137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["679799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["679799"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["742646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["742646"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The extraordinarily polymorphic Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is an iconic genomic region that has been associated with, for example, disease susceptibility, mate choice, and fitness. Both the MHC class I and II gene families have expanded considerably in songbirds (Passeriformes) compared to other bird orders, but our understanding of the functional relevance of the large number of gene copies in songbirds is hampered by lack of data on gene expression. We therefore took advantage of longitudinal data from our wild long\u2010term monitored population of great reed warblers\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Acrocephalus arundinaceus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    as well as a long\u2010term experiment to study patterns of MHC class I (MHC\u2010I) gene expression during individuals' lifetimes and across generations, and between tissues. As could be expected within a species, the expressed diversity increased linearly with genomic MHC\u2010I diversity. However, most MHC\u2010I alleles were expressed at low levels, with only a handful of alleles showing moderate to high expression in each individual. The MHC\u2010I expression patterns in blood were highly consistent (i) over an individual's lifetime, (ii) between parents and offspring, and (iii) among siblings, and (iv) were strongly correlated with expression in other tissues. The moderately to highly expressed MHC\u2010I genes likely play a key role in antigen presentation in adaptive immunity and thus comprise primary targets for studies of host\u2010pathogen coevolution.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.70590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:39:36Z","timestamp":1792136376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Static Expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes Across Life\u2010Stages, Generations and Tissues in a Songbird"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Samantha","family":"Mellinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5219-7448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"R\u00e5berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0231-0470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Drews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6694-8169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bengt","family":"Hansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Lund University  Lund Sweden"},{"name":"Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biology Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9786-3974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Zehtindjiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Bulgarian Academy of Sciences  Sofia Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0056-6616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Hasselquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7167-9805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Westerdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.5.3324"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"Andrews S.2010.\u201cFastQC: A Quality Control Tool for High Throughput Sequence Data.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk\/projects\/fastqc\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.2263"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1261121"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102656.2006.01176.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862\u2010017\u20100997\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonneaud C. J.Pe P.Federici O.Chastel andG.Sorci.2006.\u201cMajor Histocompatibility Alleles Associated With Local Resistance to Malaria in a Passerine.\u201d","DOI":"10.1554\/05-409.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100706.2011.19314.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.05345"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109590"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862\u2010017\u20100970\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201055800\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169\u20105347(98)01416\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020141"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/evolut\/qpag001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arl062"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012\u20109658(1998)079[2376:PIGRWA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.823686"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evaa270"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/44856"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u2010048X.2013.00239.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.00929"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.090501.080116"},{"issue":"13","key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","article-title":"lmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models","volume":"82","author":"Kuznetsova A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jav.03530"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12071"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15480"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2016.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13490"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360\u2010020\u201001323\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","volume-title":"Janeway's Immunobiology","author":"Murphy K.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3084"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1366\u20109516.2005.00160.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559\u2010018\u20100509\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.2675"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13530"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14207"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101152"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0400"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","volume-title":"A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team R","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2020.01.008"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13645","article-title":"MHCtools\u2014an R Package for MHC High\u2010Throughput Sequencing Data: Genotyping, Haplotype and Supertype Inference, and Downstream Genetic Analyses in Non\u2010Model Organisms","volume":"22","author":"Roved J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology Resources"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.0841"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1106893108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.0134"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2008.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u2010294X.2011.05367.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.12638"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507386103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.2857"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336\u2010007\u20100230\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.0917"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650050671"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755\u20100998.13614"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800450","article-title":"MHC Class I Typing in a Songbird With Numerous Loci and High Polymorphism Using Motif\u2010Specific PCR and DGGE","volume":"92","author":"Westerdahl H.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002510050477"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"Wickham H.","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mec.70590","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/mec.70590","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mec.70590","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:39:39Z","timestamp":1792136379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mec.70590"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/mec.70590"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.70590","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-1083","1365-294X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-1083","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-294X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70590"}}