{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T07:40:11Z","timestamp":1792222811807,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The metallic colour variation of beetles is a spectacular feature that has inspired diverse human cultures. However, little is known about the genetic basis of this trait or its ecological importance. In this study, we characterize the geographical distribution, optical mechanism, genetic basis and ecological and evolutionary importance of metallic colour variation in the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Nebria ingens<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    complex, an alpine ground beetle in the Sierra Nevada, California. We find that elytral colour varies continuously across two allopatric species (from black\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>N. ingens<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    to green\n                    <jats:italic>N. riversi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), with hybrid populations showing intermediate coloration, and we demonstrate that the metallic colour is generated from multilayer reflectors in the epicuticle of the elytra. By applying association mapping in natural populations (wild\u2010GWAS) using high\u2010density genotype variants, we identify five promising candidate genes covarying with metallic variation, with known roles in cuticle formation and pigmentation pathways. This finding, together with a significant correlation between colour variation and water availability, suggests that metallic variation evolves as a local adaptation to environmental variation in the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>N. ingens<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    complex.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.70591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T06:44:30Z","timestamp":1792219470000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Genomic Landscape of Metallic Colour Variation in Ground Beetles"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8243-5061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi\u2010Ming","family":"Weng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University  Okinawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8777-9771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David H.","family":"Kavanaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1749-8306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan","family":"Rubio\u2010Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jad","family":"Salman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4897-4720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail A.","family":"Kats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Material Science and Engineering University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7364-434X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean D.","family":"Schoville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Image Processing With ImageJ","volume":"11","author":"Abr\u00e0moff M. D.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biophotonics International"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts419"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374144-8.00103-X","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Insects","author":"Andersen S. O.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40740-1_6","volume-title":"Extracellular Composite Matrices in Arthropods","author":"Arakane Y.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1744\u20107917.13024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201068719\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915\u2010023\u201001601\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101339"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"416","article-title":"Interference Filters in the Corneas of Diptera","volume":"7","author":"Bernard G. D.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0438"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.200900018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1082"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102105\u201010\u2010421"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2020.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TC00149E"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr330"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/evolut\/qpaf225"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102311.2008.01033.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0352"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006063"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1649\/0010\u2010065X(2000)054[0541:IOARCC]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2109255118"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-3105-3_12","volume-title":"Biology of Chrysomelidae","author":"Fujiyama S.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03235"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1649\/0010-065X-68.2.209","article-title":"Genetic Control of Color Polymorphism in the Stag Beetle Cyclommatus metallifer Boisduval (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)","volume":"68","author":"Gotoh H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Coleopterists Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201048154\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.23068"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095\u20106433(03)00142\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.1044.62245"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2019.00525"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201057425\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2022.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1744\u20107917.12966"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114\u2010002\u20100332\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12567"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.6807"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-17815-3_7","volume-title":"Recent Advances in Entomological Research: From Molecular Biology to Pest Management","author":"Li J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2013.69"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16183","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.016183","article-title":"Structural Color Change in Longhorn Beetles Tmesisternus Isabellae","volume":"17","author":"Liu F.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optics Express"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2025.03.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.019189"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM\u2010D\u201015\u20100177.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20101910(90)90060\u2010S"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi9407"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14411\/eje.2014.087"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2016.0429","article-title":"Mimics Here and There, but Not Everywhere: M\u00fcllerian Mimicry in Ceroglossus Ground Beetles?","volume":"12","author":"Mu\u00f1oz\u2010Ram\u00edrez C. P.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biology Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2021.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2015.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2016.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.004351"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","unstructured":"Oksanen J. G. L.Simpson F. G.Blanchet et\u00a0al.2025.\u201cVegan: Community Ecology Package\u201d.https:\/\/vegandevs.github.io\/vegan\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201001496\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201080325\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.9.1307"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2016.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471250953.bi1112s47"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.80.031910","article-title":"Scale Coloration Change Following Water Absorption in the Beetle Hoplia coerulea (Coleoptera)","volume":"80","author":"Rassart M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physical Review E"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1649\/0010\u2010065X(2006)60[85:SBIHC]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13227\u2010020\u201000155\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","unstructured":"Rivers V. Z. \u00c9.Motte\u2010Florac andJ.Thomas.2003.\u201cEmeralds on Wing: Jewel Beetles in Textiles and Adornment\u201d. Insects in Oral Literature and Traditions."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1520\u20106378.1977.tb00104.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2013.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095\u20108312.2012.01911.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.60.6.30159990"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2008.0354.focus"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icz040"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24080"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10798"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41437\u2010018\u20100149\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201080699\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.52187"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","volume-title":"Genomics in the Cloud: Using Docker, GATK, and WDL in Terra","author":"Van der Auwera G. A.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-3105-3_13","volume-title":"Biology of Chrysomelidae","author":"Vasconcellos\u2010Neto J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.76.031907","article-title":"Switchable Reflector in the Panamanian Tortoise Beetle Charidotella egregia (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)","volume":"76","author":"Vigneron J.\u2010P.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physical Review E"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2307\/3495550","article-title":"Iridescent Dung Beetles: A Different Angle","volume":"80","author":"Vulinec K.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Florida Entomologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12709"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2015.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755\u20100998.13409"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15762"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msae130"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10870"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.116.196451"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1709058114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts606"}],"container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mec.70591","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/mec.70591","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mec.70591","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T06:44:35Z","timestamp":1792219475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mec.70591"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/mec.70591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.70591","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-1083","1365-294X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-1083","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-294X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70591"}}