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Long\u2010wavelength\u2013sensitive (LWS) opsins mediate red\u2010light detection, and most teleosts retain a single functional LWS1. A shorter\u2010shifted green\u2010sensitive paralog (LWS2) is found only in a few lineages. By mining teleost genomes and sequencing retinal transcriptomes, we identify elopomorphs as an additional lineage retaining LWS2 (alongside characins and osteoglossomorphs). Surprisingly, we reveal a previously overlooked, shorter\u2010shifted paralog, LWS3, restricted to gobies (Percomorpha) and arising from an ancestral duplication either in the teleost or in the percomorph ancestor. Structural modelling of twelve LWS opsins reveals convergent evolution at four key amino acid sites (214, 259, 261, 269) in the retinal\u2010binding pocket, indicating convergent substitutions in human MWS (an old\u2010world primate\u2010specific duplicate of the vertebrate LWS1), teleost LWS2, and goby LWS3 relative to red\u2010sensitive counterparts, consistent with repeated spectral shifts towards greener wavelengths. In several lineages, including characins, mormyrids, gobies, and primates, these shorter\u2010shifted LWS opsins have at least partially replaced the canonical green\u2010sensitive RH2\u2010based visual pigment. Retinal transcriptomes revealed variable\n                    <jats:italic>lws3<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression across adult gobies, either complementing\n                    <jats:italic>lws1<\/jats:italic>\n                    in most species, or dominating the visual opsin expression profile as in the sicydiines. In\u00a0situ hybridisation in the whitebarred goby (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Amblygobius phalaena<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ;\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Valenciennes, 1837) showed that\n                    <jats:italic>lws1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>lws3<\/jats:italic>\n                    are expressed in separate double\u2010cone members, analogous to\n                    <jats:italic>rh2<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in other fish species. Together, these results show that repeated convergence towards shorter LWS sensitivity in vertebrate evolution involves coordinated changes at the molecular, regulatory, and functional levels, providing a striking example of multilevel sensory adaptation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.70592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T05:08:14Z","timestamp":1792472894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Turning Red to Green Repeatedly: Ancestral\n                    <scp>LWS<\/scp>\n                    Duplications Drive Convergent Visual Tuning in Teleost Fishes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-6159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Cortesi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Environment The University of Queensland  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Marine Science The University of Queensland  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Queensland Brain Institute The University of Queensland  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6660-4331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Escobar\u2010Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Maryland  College Park Maryland USA"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Ecolog\u00eda Acu\u00e1tica, Global Research and Solutions Center Universidad San Francisco de Quito  Quito Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4671-8689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gina Maria","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Charles University  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Luehrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Brain Institute The University of Queensland  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2353-2376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flurin","family":"Hidber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Condensed Matter Theory Group PSI Center for Scientific Computing, Theory, and Data  Villigen\u2010PSI Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Biology ETH Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4572-9316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Deupi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Condensed Matter Theory Group PSI Center for Scientific Computing, Theory, and Data  Villigen\u2010PSI Switzerland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biomolecular Research PSI Center for Life Sciences  Villigen\u2010PSI Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6306-5643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Carleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Maryland  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8759-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzana","family":"Musilova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Charles University  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-019-0731-8","article-title":"The Round Goby Genome Provides Insights Into Mechanisms That May Facilitate Biological Invasions","volume":"18","author":"Adrian\u2010Kalchhauser I.","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Biology"},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4182","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22447","article-title":"Ontogeny of Cone Photoreceptor Mosaics in Zebrafish","volume":"518","author":"Allison W. 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