{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:11:35Z","timestamp":1784131895065,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,11]],"date-time":"2013-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People from racial minority backgrounds report less trust in their doctors and have poorer health outcomes. Although these deficiencies have multiple roots, one important set of explanations involves racial bias, which may be non\u2010conscious, on the part of providers, and minority patients' fears that they will be treated in a biased way. Here, we focus on one mechanism by which this bias may be communicated and reinforced: namely, non\u2010verbal behaviour in the doctor\u2013patient interaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We review 2 lines of research on race and non\u2010verbal behaviour: (i) the ways in which a patient's race can influence a doctor's non\u2010verbal behaviour toward the patient, and (ii) the relative difficulty that doctors can have in accurately understanding the nonverbal communication of non\u2010White patients. Further, we review research on the implications that both lines of work can have for the doctor\u2010patient relationship and the patient's health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The research we review suggests that White doctors interacting with minority group patients are likely to behave and respond in ways that are associated with worse health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As doctors' disengaged non\u2010verbal behaviour towards minority group patients and lower ability to read minority group patients' non\u2010verbal behaviours may contribute to racial disparities in patients' satisfaction and health outcomes, solutions that target non\u2010verbal behaviour may be effective. A number of strategies for such targeting are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.12216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,11]],"date-time":"2013-08-11T22:10:17Z","timestamp":1376259017000},"page":"867-876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["The role of non\u2010verbal behaviour in racial disparities in health care: implications and solutions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Cynthia S","family":"Levine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Stanford University Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nalini","family":"Ambady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Stanford University Stanford California 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