{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T15:27:12Z","timestamp":1792078032804,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study is to investigate whether self\u2010disclosed disability and self\u2010reported program access are associated with measures of empathy and burnout in a national sample of US medical students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors obtained data from students who responded to the Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) Year 2 Questionnaire (Y2Q) in 2019 and 2020. Data included demographic characteristics, personal variables, learning environment indicators, measures of burnout (Oldenburg Burnout Inventory for Medical Students), empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) and disability\u2010related questions, including self\u2010reported disability, disability category and program access. Associations between disability status, program access, empathy and burnout were assessed using multivariable logistic regression models accounting for YQ2 demographic, personal\u2010related and learning environment measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 23\u2009898 (54.2%) provided disability data and were included. Of those, 2438 (10.2%) self\u2010reported a disability. Most medical students with disabilities (SWD) self\u2010reported having program access through accommodations (1215 [49.8%]) or that accommodations were not required for access (824 [33.8%]). Multivariable models identified that compared with students without disabilities, SWD with and without program access presented higher odds of high exhaustion (1.50 [95% CI, 1.34\u20131.69] and 2.59 [95% CI, 1.93\u20133.49], respectively) and lower odds of low empathy (0.75 [95% CI, 0.67\u2013.85] and 0.68 [95% CI, 0.52\u20130.90], respectively). In contrast, multivariable models for disengagement identified that SWD reporting lack of program access presented higher odds of high disengagement compared to students without disabilities (1.43 [95% CI, 1.09\u20131.87], whereas SWD with program access did not (1.09 [95% CI, 0.97\u20131.22]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite higher odds of high exhaustion, SWD were less likely to present low empathy regardless of program access, and SWD with program access did not differ from students without disabilities in terms of disengagement. These findings add to our understanding of the characteristics and experiences of SWD including their contributions as empathic future physicians.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.14995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T02:30:24Z","timestamp":1669948224000},"page":"523-534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Disability, program access, empathy and burnout in US medical students: A national study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3647-3657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Meeks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Learning Health Sciences University of Michigan Medical School  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4313-743X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Pereira\u2010Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The University of Michigan Medical School  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6032-534X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Plegue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Michigan Medical School  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2931-2740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neera R.","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Education Scholarship University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8039-872X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erene","family":"Stergiopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6879-460X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Stauffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carle Illinois College of Medicine University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign  Champaign Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2522-7618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoie","family":"Sheets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6044-0951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonnelin K.","family":"Swenor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Disability Health Research Center Johns Hopkins School of Nursing  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1426-4149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nichole","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Wake Forest School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy N.","family":"Addams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Association of American Medical Colleges  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2127-5404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Moreland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.World report on disability 2011. Accessed October 4 2022.https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/44575\/?sequence=4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.01452"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12228"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280500164107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031472"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(20)30215\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(09)62050\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.13618"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606\u2010019\u201005570\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31813ffe1e"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2019.0040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939\u2010014\u20100076\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"Stanford. Dehumanization Dismissal and disparities: an analysis of harmful trends in Healthcare providers' interactions with Autistic Patients.westminstercollege.edu.https:\/\/westminstercollege.edu\/student-life\/the-myriad\/dehumanization-dismissal-and-disparity.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010016\u20103344\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2020.1817341"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070855"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2020.1817984"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112521"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2017.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2013.807883"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/env042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","unstructured":"Smeijers Pfau.Towards a treatment for treatment: On communication between general practitioners and their deaf patients.sign lang transl interpret.https:\/\/dare.uva.nl\/personal\/pure\/en\/publications\/towards\u2010a\u2010treatment\u2010for\u2010treatment\u2010on\u2010communication\u2010between\u2010general\u2010practitioners\u2010and\u2010their\u2010deaf\u2010patients(5e912477\u20104614\u20104108\u20109ecb\u2010b06d40f88121).html"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2006.10131920"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002300"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","volume-title":"Accessibility, inclusion, and action in medical education: Lived experiences of learners and physicians with disabilities","author":"Meeks L","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102923.2003.01627.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472\u20106920\u20107\u201050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2035279"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.13442"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909\u2010019\u20101715\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2019.1669436"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","volume-title":"Empathy in patient care: antecedents, development, measurement, and outcomes","author":"Hojat M.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.5e83.31cf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.12806"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102929.2004.01911.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354\u2010017\u20100597\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.9.1071"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181b17e55"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/acm.0000000000003175"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/acm.0b013e318221e615"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.12927"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1318"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10880\u2010011\u20109278\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HMR.0000304493.87898.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181bfdab3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181ed4c47"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606\u2010006\u20100039\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23821205211018696"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000004471"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243250"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","unstructured":"General Medical Council.Welcomed and valued: supporting disabled learners in medical education and training. Published online2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20529\/IJME.2018.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181c46aad"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.41511"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909\u2010022\u201003403\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000004510"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266685"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.12283"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","first-page":"78","volume-title":"Handbook of stress and burnout in health care","author":"Demerouti Bakker","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590601175309"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370500340728"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102648.2008.04743.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.0115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.44.1.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31822203d8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650\u2010199311000\u201000002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888\u2010197802000\u201000003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2016.31.4.590"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2011.606527"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.19110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459\u2010014\u20109502\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094133"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.2016.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2005.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003820"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.54c3.60cd"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102296\u201015\u201015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.86.3.499"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","volume-title":"Equal Access for Students with Disabilities: The Guide for Health Science and Professional Education","author":"Laird EP"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.7567"}],"container-title":["Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/medu.14995","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/medu.14995","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/medu.14995","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T13:55:55Z","timestamp":1762264555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/medu.14995"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/medu.14995"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/medu.14995","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0308-0110","1365-2923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0308-0110","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-05-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}