{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:14:54Z","timestamp":1787015694958,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substantial numbers of medical students and doctors have specific learning difficulties (SpLDs) and failure to accommodate their needs can disadvantage them academically. Evidence about how SpLDs affect performance during postgraduate general practice (GP) specialty training across the different licencing assessments is lacking. We aimed to investigate the performance of doctors with SpLDs across the range of licencing assessments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We adopted the social model of disability as a conceptual framework arguing that problems of disability are societal and that barriers that restrict life choices for people with disabilities need to be addressed. We used a longitudinal design linking Multi\u2010Specialty Assessment (MSRA) records from 2016 and 2017 with their Applied Knowledge Test (AKT), Clinical Skills Assessment (CSA), Recorded Consultation Assessment (RCA) and Workplace Based Assessment (WPBA) outcomes up to 2021. Multivariable logistic regression models accounting for prior attainment and demographics were used to determine the SpLD doctors' likelihood of passing licencing assessments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sample included 2070 doctors, with 214 (10.34%) declaring a SpLD. Candidates declaring a SpLD were significantly less likely to pass the CSA (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.26, 0.71, p\u2009=\u20090.001) but not the AKT (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.44, 2.09, p\u2009=\u20090.913) or RCA (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.35, 1.85, p\u2009=\u20090.615). Importantly, they were significantly more likely to have difficulties with WPBA (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.20, 0.40, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). When looking at licencing tests subdomains, doctors with SpLD performed significantly less well on the CSA Interpersonal Skills (B\u2009=\u2009\u22120.70, 95% CI \u22121.2, \u22120.19, p\u2009=\u20090.007) and the RCA Clinical Management Skills (B\u2009=\u2009\u22121.68, 95% CI \u22123.24, \u22120.13, p\u2009=\u20090.034).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Candidates with SpLDs encounter difficulties in multiple domains of the licencing tests and during their training. More adjustments tailored to their needs should be put in place for the applied clinical skills tests and during their training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.15008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T01:10:00Z","timestamp":1671066600000},"page":"548-555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The effect of specific learning difficulties on general practice written and clinical assessments"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1583-3913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Botan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Community and Health Research Unit, School of Health and Social Care, Lincoln Medical School University of Lincoln  Lincoln UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicki","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Practice National Recruitment Office (GPNRO), Health Education  England UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham R.","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community and Health Research Unit, School of Health and Social Care, Lincoln Medical School University of Lincoln  Lincoln UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2484-8201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aloysius Niroshan","family":"Siriwardena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community and Health Research Unit, School of Health and Social Care, Lincoln Medical School University of Lincoln  Lincoln UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2007.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.524f.cd3f"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Current understanding of causes and identification of SpLDs","author":"Carroll J","year":"2020","journal-title":"Council Sci Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.278"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468\u20103156.2009.00601.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj\u20102014\u2010132573"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102923.2010.03802.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14446"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7748\/ns.21.19.35.s56"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"Reasonable adjustments in nursing and midwifery: a literature review","author":"Kane A","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459\u2010009\u20109197\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj\u20102017\u2010135326"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.13953"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Candidate perceptions of the UK Recorded Consultation Assessment: cross\u2010sectional data linkage study","volume":"8","author":"Botan V","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educ Prim Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp13X674413"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"The United States Medical Licensing Examination.Prepare your exam. 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