{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T08:05:43Z","timestamp":1784016343068,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Education"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anatomical knowledge differences after instruction have been widely reported. Conceptual (factual and clinical reasoning) and perceptual\u2010spatial (structural identification) knowledge may differ in retention patterns, but their cross\u2010sectional performance patterns in Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) anatomy education are not well defined. This study examined cross\u2010sectional differences in both anatomy knowledge types across body regions and time, and the relationship between confidence and performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a cross\u2010sectional, multi\u2010cohort design, 53 DPT students from a single programme were assessed at three post\u2010instruction intervals (3, 15 and 27\u2009months after completing a 10\u2010week gross anatomy course). Conceptual knowledge was tested with a 30\u2010item written multiple\u2010choice examination; perceptual\u2010spatial knowledge was evaluated with a 30\u2010station practical examination using prosected specimens and bone models. Pre\u2010 and post\u2010assessment confidence surveys were also administered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Performance patterns diverged by assessment type. Written examination scores were lower than original course performance across all cohorts, with no significant differences between cohorts (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.202). In contrast, practical identification scores demonstrated progressively lower performance across cohorts localised to the upper extremity (UE), with first\u2010year students (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.48,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.19) outperforming third\u2010year students (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.30,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.14;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.013,\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20091.07). Lower limb and torso performance showed no significant differences across cohorts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These cross\u2010sectional findings suggest that written conceptual knowledge shows early differences that do not progressively widen, whereas perceptual\u2010spatial identification skills, particularly in the UE, are progressively lower in cohorts further from instruction. This pattern is consistent with a region\u2010specific vulnerability where functional instruction may not substitute for context\u2010matched, hands\u2010on retrieval. Longitudinal replication is needed to confirm these patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.70269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T07:43:49Z","timestamp":1784015029000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross\u2010sectional differences in conceptual versus perceptual anatomy performance among physical therapy students"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3002-804X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanli","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Lincoln Memorial University  Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3958-9468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derek","family":"Harmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9390-1590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchell","family":"Wolden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy &amp; Clinical Research Programs University of Jamestown  Fargo North Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marsha","family":"Rutland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Hardin\u2010Simmons University  Abilene Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kellee","family":"Hanigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctor of Physical Therapy Program Southern California University of Health Sciences  Whittier California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2010.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21065"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2016.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102923.2010.03889.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909\u2010025\u201006832\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40037\u2010016\u20100310\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2016.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1272"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909\u2010021\u201002925\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2355"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1772"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1929"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6021\u201009.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03075070903514054"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251\u2010023\u201009630\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003\u20104819\u2010142\u20104\u2010200502150\u201000008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276\u2010010\u20100748\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.24001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2037"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTE.0000000000000330"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.24035"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.14592"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.77.6.1121"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1574"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.morpho.2024.100943"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15430421tip4104_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1164969"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2016.1210113"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1668"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000480"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzae036"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23953"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1441"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1649"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2277"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1283"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTE.0000000000000462"}],"container-title":["Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/medu.70269","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/medu.70269","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/medu.70269","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T07:43:50Z","timestamp":1784015030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/medu.70269"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/medu.70269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/medu.70269","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0308-0110","1365-2923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0308-0110","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"medu.70269"}}