{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T06:26:03Z","timestamp":1793859963834,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Illness scripts (mental representations of disease knowledge) are central to diagnostic expertise, yet structured methods to examine their quality across medical training are lacking. This exploratory study investigated whether textual indicators derived from free\u2010recall protocols could reveal aspects of illness script quality in medical students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross\u2010sectional study, students from years one through six at seven Brazilian medical schools completed a free\u2010recall task for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and myocardial infarction (MI) after a progress test. Written responses were segmented into idea units (IUs) and analysed for accuracy (correct idea units), scope (number of disease dimensions), organisation (balanced adjusted ratio of clustering) and encapsulation (higher\u2010order summary terms). Differences across training years were examined using Kruskal\u2013Wallis and Dunn tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Accuracy and scope increased significantly across training years for both diseases (median correct ideas for COPD: 3 in year 1 versus 14 in year 5,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01; for MI: 8 versus 18,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Most gains occurred between years 1\u20132 and 3, with limited differentiation thereafter. Organisation increased from 0.31 in year 1 to 0.61 in year 5 for COPD and from 0.28 to 0.60 for MI (range \u22121 to +1; both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Encapsulated and incorrect ideas were infrequent at all training levels. Progress test scores correlated positively with the number of correct ideas (COPD rho\u2009=\u20090.56; MI rho\u2009=\u20090.46;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Free\u2010recall protocols analysed along theoretically grounded dimensions detected differences in accuracy, scope and organisation across training years. Constraints, such as a time\u2010imposed ceiling effect and limited sensitivity to encapsulated knowledge, should guide future methodological refinement. Despite its preliminary nature, this methodology may contribute to research on clinical expertise by offering a novel approach to studying illness scripts across training levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.70314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T07:20:52Z","timestamp":1789629652000},"page":"1392-1402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u2018Tell me what you know\u2019: Written recall as a window into illness script quality"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6948-2448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Salvetti","family":"Valente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Groningen University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4277-3066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ligia Maria Cayres","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Groningen University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1756-4852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre","family":"Santanch\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems State University of Campinas (UNICAMP)  Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7841-7322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Rahhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine of Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, School of Medicine University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP)  S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"School of Medicine University of S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul  S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1187-2392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Mamede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Groningen University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6436-9307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Tadao Hamamoto","family":"Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health of the S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)  Botucatu S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7008-4092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Antonio","family":"de Carvalho 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