{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T23:52:44Z","timestamp":1779148364894,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,6]],"date-time":"2016-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microcirculation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severe <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content> injury, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, or spinal cord injury, is known to increase susceptibility to infections. The increased susceptibility to infection is due to an impaired immune response and is referred to as <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIDS<\/jats:styled-content>. The CB<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptor on immune cells presents a potential therapeutic target in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIDS<\/jats:styled-content> as activation of this receptor has been shown to be involved in immunosuppression. The main purpose of this study was to determine the impact of CB<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptor inhibition on leukocyte activation within the microcirculation following endotoxin challenge in an experimental stroke model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five experimental groups (male C57<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BL<\/jats:styled-content>\/6 mice, age: 6\u20108 weeks) were subjected to the following treatments: control; endotoxemia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPS<\/jats:styled-content> 5 mg\/kg, i.v.); transient cerebral hypoxia\u2010ischemia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HI<\/jats:styled-content>) + endotoxemia; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HI<\/jats:styled-content> + endotoxemia + CB<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptor antagonist (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AM<\/jats:styled-content>630 2.5 mg\/kg, i.v.). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HI<\/jats:styled-content> was induced by unilateral carotid artery occlusion, followed by 50 minute exposure to a low oxygen atmosphere (8% O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>). The CB<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptor antagonist was given 15 min prior to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPS<\/jats:styled-content> administration. Intravital microscopy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVM<\/jats:styled-content>) was carried out 2h after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPS<\/jats:styled-content> administration. Brains were extracted and stained with tetrazolium chloride (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TTC<\/jats:styled-content>) to measure infarct volume.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to endotoxemic animals without <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content> injury, mice subjected to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HI<\/jats:styled-content> displayed reduced leukocyte activation in intestinal submucosal venules indicative of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIDS<\/jats:styled-content>. Administration of the CB<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptor antagonist in animals with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIDS<\/jats:styled-content> challenged with endotoxin restored peripheral leukocyte recruitment without a detrimental impact on infarct size.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conclude that the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECS<\/jats:styled-content> is involved in the impaired immune response following <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content> injury. Future studies should further explore the CB<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptor pathway to develop novel therapies for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIDS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,22]],"date-time":"2016-03-22T01:35:13Z","timestamp":1458610513000},"page":"283-292","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Experimental Cannabinoid 2 Receptor Inhibition in <scp>CNS<\/scp> Injury\u2010Induced Immunodeficiency Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ian","family":"Burkovskiy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology &amp; Immunology Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology &amp; Immunology Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia 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