{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T03:49:41Z","timestamp":1782100181988,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microcirculation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Availability of oxygen (O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) is essential for life and function of all cells of the human body (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009\u2248\u200910\n 13<\/jats:sup>\n \u201310\n 14<\/jats:sup>\n cells). COVID\u201019 patients often have impaired lung function with compromised oxygen uptake, but little is known about microvascular oxygen delivery and tissue oxygenation.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n Use the Oxygen Delivery Index (ODIN) concept to assess peripheral microvascular regulation and oxygen extraction in COVID\u201019 patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n The ODIN concept includes two technologies (diffuse reflectance spectroscopy\u2014DRS and computer assisted microscopy\u2014CAM) for data acquisition from subepidermal nutritive capillaries. Output parameters are microvascular oxygen saturation (SmvO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) and functional capillary density (FCD).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Forty patients hospitalized for COVID\u201019 grouped into early discharge (<\u20097\u2009days,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200911), severe (beyond 7\u2009days,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200924) and non\u2010survivors (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20095), and healthy controls (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200923) were examined.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Microvascular oxygen saturation (SmvO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) and the corresponding O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n extraction (SaO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u2014SmvO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) was 56%\u2009\u00b1\u20094%\/42%\u2009\u00b1\u20099% (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD) in healthy controls (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200911), 61\u2009\u00b1\u200910\/37\u2009\u00b1\u200910 for historic controls (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200912), significantly different (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.01) as compared with all COVID\u201019 groups (early discharge: 40%\u2009\u00b1\u200913%\/54%\u2009\u00b1\u200913%, severe: 34%\u2009\u00b1\u200915%\/60%\u2009\u00b1\u200915%, non\u2010survivors 22%\u2009\u00b1\u200915%\/73%\u2009\u00b1\u200916%). FCD expressed as the relative number of red pixels (belonging to a capillary erythrocyte) in a CAM frame were reduced in alle patient groups as compared to historic controls (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090\u22c505).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Results show skin microvascular dysregulation and tissue hypoxia in patients, indicative of hypoxia also in other tissues. We hypothesize that tissue hypoxia is a cause of reversible and non\u2010reversible long COVID\u201019 symptoms and of mortality.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.70014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T02:04:17Z","timestamp":1751421857000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["COVID\u201019 Patients Have Peripheral Microvascular Dysfunction and Tissue Hypoxia in Spite of Successful Treatment of Lung Failure: A Proof of Concept Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8262-5829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Knut","family":"Kvernebo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medcial Faculty University of Oslo Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"},{"name":"ODI Medical AS Oslo 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