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Zinc uptake is of crucial importance for the virulence of streptococci, whereas elevated zinc levels induced in the host during infection are detrimental for these pathogens. The expression or activity of a number of putative surface proteins and virulence factors depends on zinc. Moreover, several metal sensor proteins that mediate the transcriptional response to zinc in streptococci have recently been characterized. A number of components of zinc\u2010 and other metal ion\u2010acquisition systems are suitable as protective antigens and may be future targets for the development of new vaccines, thus providing opportunities for the development of novel therapies. This review will discuss the recent advancements in the important field of metal ion biology in relation to the virulence of pathogenic streptococci, with a central focus on zinc homeostasis in <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>treptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,8]],"date-time":"2013-05-08T09:10:23Z","timestamp":1368004223000},"page":"1047-1057","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["The role of zinc in the interplay between pathogenic streptococci and their hosts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Sulman","family":"Shafeeq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute University of Groningen  Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar 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