{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T02:03:34Z","timestamp":1776909814236,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,16]],"date-time":"2014-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI096836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI096836"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI063263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI063263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>The vacuolar proton pyrophosphatase (H<\/jats:styled-content>+<\/jats:sup>\u2010PP<\/jats:styled-content>ase) of T<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>oxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> (TgVP<\/jats:styled-content>1), a membrane proton pump, localizes to acidocalcisomes and a novel lysosome\u2010like compartment termed plant\u2010like vacuole (PLV<\/jats:styled-content>) or vacuolar compartment (VAC<\/jats:styled-content>). We report the characterization of a T<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>. gondii null<\/jats:italic> mutant for the TgVP1<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> gene. Propagation of these mutants decreased significantly because of deficient attachment and invasion of host cells, which correlated with deficient microneme secretion. Processing of cathepsin L<\/jats:styled-content> (CPL<\/jats:styled-content>) in these mutants was deficient only when the parasites were incubated in the presence of low concentrations of the vacuolar H<\/jats:styled-content>+<\/jats:sup>\u2010ATP<\/jats:styled-content>ase (V<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010H<\/jats:styled-content>+<\/jats:sup>\u2010ATP<\/jats:styled-content>ase) inhibitor bafilomycin A<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:sub>, suggesting that either TgVP<\/jats:styled-content>1 or the T<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>. gondii<\/jats:italic>\u2005V<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010H<\/jats:styled-content>+<\/jats:sup>\u2010ATP<\/jats:styled-content>ase (TgVATP<\/jats:styled-content>ase) are sufficient to support CPL<\/jats:styled-content> processing. The lack of TgVP<\/jats:styled-content>1 did not affect processing of micronemal proteins, indicating that it does not contribute to proMIC<\/jats:styled-content> maturations. The TgVP1<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>\u2005null<\/jats:italic> mutants were more sensitive to extracellular conditions and were less virulent in mice. We demonstrate that T<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>. gondii<\/jats:italic> tachyzoites possess regulatory volume decrease capability during hypo\u2010osmotic stress and this ability is impaired in TgVP1<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>\u2005null<\/jats:italic> mutants implicating TgVP<\/jats:styled-content>1 in osmoregulation. We hypothesize that osmoregulation is needed for host cell invasion and that TgVP<\/jats:styled-content>1 plays a role during the normal lytic cycle of T<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>. gondii<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]],"date-time":"2014-06-26T15:53:00Z","timestamp":1403797980000},"page":"698-712","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["A vacuolar\u2010H<\/scp>+<\/sup>\u2010pyrophosphatase (TgVP<\/scp>1) is required for microneme secretion, host cell invasion, and extracellular survival of T<\/i><\/scp>oxoplasma gondii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology University of Georgia GA 30602\u20107400 USA"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Pace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology University of Georgia GA 30602\u20107400 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhicheng","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MI 48109\u20105620 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thayer P.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology University of Georgia GA 30602\u20107400 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Guidot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology University of Georgia GA 30602\u20107400 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhu\u2010Hong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology University of Georgia GA 30602\u20107400 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vern B.","family":"Carruthers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MI 48109\u20105620 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia N. 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