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Here, we present a systematic analysis of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tRNAome<\/jats:styled-content> of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content><jats:italic>actococcus lactis<\/jats:italic>. Using the next\u2010generation sequencing approach, we identified 40 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tRNA<\/jats:styled-content>s which carry 16 different post\u2010transcriptional modifications as revealed by mass spectrometry analysis. While small modifications are located in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tRNA<\/jats:styled-content> body, hypermodified nucleotides are mainly present in the anticodon loop, which through wobbling expand the decoding potential of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tRNA<\/jats:styled-content>s. Using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tRNA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010based microarrays, we also determined the dynamics in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tRNA<\/jats:styled-content> abundance upon changes in the growth rate and heterologous protein overexpression stress. With a fourfold increase in the growth rate, the relative abundance of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tRNA<\/jats:styled-content>s cognate to low abundance codons decrease, while the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tRNA<\/jats:styled-content>s cognate to major codons remain mostly unchanged. Significant changes in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tRNA<\/jats:styled-content> abundances are observed upon protein overexpression stress, which does not correlate with the codon usage of the overexpressed gene but rather reflects the altered expression of housekeeping genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,9]],"date-time":"2014-07-09T08:44:12Z","timestamp":1404895452000},"page":"944-956","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Systematic identification of <scp>tRNAome<\/scp> and its dynamics in <scp><i>L<\/i><\/scp><i>actococcus lactis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Pranav","family":"Puri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute Netherlands Proteomics Centre &amp; Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen  Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The 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