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During competence development, the alternative sigma factor <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ComX<\/jats:styled-content> is activated, which in turn, initiates transcription of 80 \u2018late\u2019 competence genes. Interestingly, only 16 late genes are essential for genetic transformation. We hypothesized that these late genes that are dispensable for competence are beneficial to pneumococcal fitness during infection. These late genes were systematically deleted, and the resulting mutants were examined for their fitness during mouse models of bacteremia and acute pneumonia. Among these, 14 late genes were important for fitness in mice. Significantly, deletion of some late genes attenuated pneumococcal fitness to the same level in both wild\u2010type and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ComX<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010null genetic backgrounds, suggesting that the constitutive baseline expression of these genes was important for bacterial fitness. In contrast, some mutants were attenuated only in the wild\u2010type genetic background but not in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ComX<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010null background, suggesting that specific expression of these genes during competence state contributed to pneumococcal fitness. Increased virulence during competence state was partially caused by the induction of allolytic enzymes that enhanced pneumolysin release. These results distinguish the role of basal expression versus competence induction in virulence functions encoded by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ComX<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010regulated late competence genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]],"date-time":"2015-04-02T22:05:13Z","timestamp":1428012313000},"page":"151-165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Deletion analysis of <scp><i>S<\/i><\/scp><i>treptococcus pneumoniae<\/i> late competence genes distinguishes virulence determinants that are dependent or independent of competence induction"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Luchang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana IL 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