{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:19:18Z","timestamp":1791299958707,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,17]],"date-time":"2015-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AI047958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI047958"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIH Training Grant","award":["T32 GM07215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 GM07215"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gonococci secrete chromosomal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> into the extracellular environment using a type <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content> secretion system (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T4SS<\/jats:styled-content>). The secreted <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> acts in natural transformation and initiates biofilm development. Although the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> and its effects are detectable, structural components of the T4SS are present at very low levels, suggestive of uncharacterized regulatory control. We sought to better characterize the expression and regulation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T4SS<\/jats:styled-content> genes and found that the four operons containing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T4SS<\/jats:styled-content> genes are transcribed at very different levels. Increasing transcription of two of the operons through targeted promoter mutagenesis did not increase <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> secretion. The stability and steady\u2010state levels of two <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T4SS<\/jats:styled-content> structural proteins were affected by a homolog of tail\u2010specific protease. An <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> switch was also identified that regulates translation of a third T4SS operon. The switch mechanism relies on two putative stem\u2010loop structures contained within the 5\u2032 untranslated region of the transcript, one of which occludes the ribosome binding site and start codon. Mutational analysis of these stem loops supports a model in which induction of an alternative structure relieves repression. Taken together, these results identify multiple layers of regulation, including transcriptional, translational and post\u2010translational mechanisms controlling <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T4SS<\/jats:styled-content> gene expression and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> secretion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]],"date-time":"2015-06-15T10:49:33Z","timestamp":1434365373000},"page":"1168-1185","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Targeted mutagenesis of intergenic regions in the <scp><i>N<\/i><\/scp><i>eisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i> gonococcal genetic island reveals multiple regulatory mechanisms controlling type <scp>IV<\/scp> secretion"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Meghan E.","family":"Ramsey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison School of Medicine and Public Health  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Bender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecophysiology Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology  Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy K.","family":"Klimowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison School of Medicine and Public Health  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen T.","family":"Hackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison School of Medicine and Public Health  Madison Wisconsin 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