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Filamentous CdiA<\/jats:styled-content> exoproteins extend from CDI<\/jats:styled-content>+<\/jats:sup> cells and bind specific receptors to deliver toxins into susceptible target bacteria. CDI<\/jats:styled-content> has also been implicated in auto\u2010aggregation and biofilm formation in several species, but the contribution of CdiA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013receptor interactions to these multi\u2010cellular behaviors has not been examined. Using E<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>scherichia coli<\/jats:italic> isolate EC<\/jats:styled-content>93 as a model, we show that cdiA<\/jats:italic> and bamA<\/jats:italic> receptor mutants are defective in biofilm formation, suggesting a prominent role for CdiA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013BamA<\/jats:styled-content> mediated cell\u2013cell adhesion. However, CdiA<\/jats:styled-content> also promotes auto\u2010aggregation in a BamA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010independent manner, indicating that the exoprotein possesses an additional adhesin activity. Cells must express CdiA<\/jats:styled-content> in order to participate in BamA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010independent aggregates, suggesting that adhesion could be mediated by homotypic CdiA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013CdiA<\/jats:styled-content> interactions. The BamA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010dependent and BamA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010independent interaction domains map to distinct regions within the CdiA<\/jats:styled-content> filament. Thus, CdiA<\/jats:styled-content> orchestrates a collective behavior that is independent of its growth\u2010inhibition activity. This adhesion should enable \u2018greenbeard\u2019 discrimination, in which genetically unrelated individuals cooperate with one another based on a single shared trait. This kind\u2010selective social behavior could provide immediate fitness benefits to bacteria that acquire the systems through horizontal gene transfer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]],"date-time":"2015-07-02T07:29:29Z","timestamp":1435822169000},"page":"175-192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["CdiA<\/scp> promotes receptor\u2010independent intercellular adhesion"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Zachary C.","family":"Ruhe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106\u20109625 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loni","family":"Townsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 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