{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:56:06Z","timestamp":1790520966584,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,12]],"date-time":"2017-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486857600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":339,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,10]],"date-time":"2016-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE\u2010FG02\u201093ER20097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE\u2010FG02\u201093ER20097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wall teichoic acid (WTA) comprises a class of glycopolymers covalently attached to the peptidoglycan of gram positive bacteria. In <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>, mutations that prevent addition of certain WTA decorating sugars are attenuating. However, the steps required for decoration and the pathogenic process interrupted are not well described. We systematically examined the requirement for WTA galactosylation in\u00a0a mouse oral\u2010virulent strain by first creating mutations in four genes whose products conferred resistance to a WTA\u2010binding bacteriophage. WTA biochemical and structural studies indicated that galactosylated WTA was directly required for bacteriophage adsorption and that mutant WTA lacked appreciable galactose in all except one mutant \u2013 which retained a level ca. 7% of the parent. All mutants were profoundly attenuated in orally infected mice and were impaired in cell\u2010to\u2010cell spread in vitro. Confocal microscopy of cytosolic mutants revealed that all expressed ActA on their cell surface and formed actin tails with a frequency similar to the parent. However, the mutant tails were significantly shorter \u2013 suggesting a defect in actin based motility. Roles for the gene products in WTA galactosylation are proposed. Identification and interruption of WTA decoration pathways may provide a general strategy to discover non\u2010antibiotic therapeutics for gram positive infections. \u00a9 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,12]],"date-time":"2016-02-12T15:49:35Z","timestamp":1455292175000},"page":"714-730","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["<i>Listeria monocytogenes<\/i> wall teichoic acid decoration in virulence and cell\u2010to\u2010cell spread"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Spears","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27606 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward A.","family":"Havell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27606 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terri S.","family":"Hamrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Osteopathic Medicine Campbell University Buies Creek NC 27506 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Goforth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Osteopathic Medicine Campbell University Buies Creek NC 27506 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra L.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Osteopathic Medicine Campbell University Buies Creek NC 27506 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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