{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:02:46Z","timestamp":1790420566292,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,4]],"date-time":"2016-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007680","name":"Naval Medical Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 AI111101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 AI111101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007680","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007680","name":"Naval Medical Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31 AI110101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31 AI110101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007680","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007680","name":"Naval Medical Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI033537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI033537"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007680","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>AtxA is a critical transcriptional regulator of plasmid\u2010encoded virulence genes in <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic> G9241, which caused an anthrax\u2010like infection, has two virulence plasmids, pBCXO1 and pBC210, that each harbor toxin genes and a capsule locus. G9241 also produces two orthologs of AtxA: AtxA1, encoded on pBCXO1, and AtxA2, encoded on pBC210. The amino acid sequence of AtxA1 is identical to that of AtxA from <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>, while the sequences of AtxA1 and AtxA2 are 79% identical and 91% similar to one another. We found by qRT\u2010PCR that AtxA1 and AtxA2 function as positive regulators of toxin (AtxA1) and capsule operon (both) transcription in G9241 and that a \u0394<jats:italic>atxA1<\/jats:italic> mutant produced lower levels of the anthrax toxins and no hyaluronic acid capsule. Deletion of <jats:italic>atxA1<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>atxA2<\/jats:italic> decreased the virulence of spores administered intranasally or subcutaneously to C57BL\/6 mice but not to A\/J mice, and deletion of both genes rendered spores avirulent in A\/J mice. In addition, unlike AtxA1, AtxA2 did not form stable homomultimers <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, although AtxA1 and AtxA2 formed heterodimers. Our data show that AtxA1 is the primary regulator of G9241 virulence factor expression and that AtxA1 and AtxA2 are both required for full virulence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,4]],"date-time":"2016-08-04T22:47:44Z","timestamp":1470350864000},"page":"545-561","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The roles of AtxA orthologs in virulence of anthrax\u2010like <scp><i>B<\/i><\/scp><i>acillus cereus<\/i> G9241"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Scarff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malik J.","family":"Raynor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston Houston TX 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