{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:23:11Z","timestamp":1792016591869,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]],"date-time":"2017-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Metabolic adaptation is a key feature for the virulence of pathogenic intracellular bacteria. Nevertheless, little is known about the pathways in adapting the bacterial metabolism to multiple carbon sources available from the host cell. To analyze the metabolic adaptation of the obligate intracellular human pathogen <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>, we labeled infected HeLa or Caco\u20102 cells with <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C\u2010marked glucose, glutamine, malate or a mix of amino acids as tracers. Comparative GC\u2010MS\u2010based isotopologue analysis of protein\u2010derived amino acids from the host cell and the bacterial fraction showed that <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> efficiently imported amino acids from the host cell for protein biosynthesis. FT\u2010ICR\u2010MS analyses also demonstrated that label from exogenous <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C\u2010glucose was efficiently shuffled into chlamydial lipopolysaccharide probably <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> glucose 6\u2010phosphate of the host cell. Minor fractions of bacterial Ala, Asp, and Glu were made <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic> probably using dicarboxylates from the citrate cycle of the host cell. Indeed, exogenous <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C\u2010malate was efficiently taken up by <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> and metabolized into fumarate and succinate when the bacteria were kept in axenic medium containing the malate tracer. Together, the data indicate co\u2010substrate usage of intracellular <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> in a stream\u2010lined bipartite metabolism with host cell\u2010supplied amino acids for protein biosynthesis, host cell\u2010provided glucose 6\u2010phosphate for cell wall biosynthesis, and, to some extent, one or more host cell\u2010derived dicarboxylates, e.g. malate, feeding the partial TCA cycle of the bacterium. The latter flux could also support the biosynthesis of meso\u20102,6\u2010diaminopimelate required for the formation of chlamydial peptidoglycan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]],"date-time":"2016-12-20T18:28:16Z","timestamp":1482258496000},"page":"1004-1019","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Metabolic adaptation of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i> to mammalian host cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Adrian","family":"Mehlitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology University of W\u00fcrzburg, Biocenter Am Hubland W\u00fcrzburg D\u201097074 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Eylert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Chair of Biochemistry Lichtenbergstr. 4 Garching D\u201085745 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Chair of Biochemistry Lichtenbergstr. 4 Garching D\u201085745 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Buko","family":"Lindner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center Borstel, Leibniz\u2010Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Bioanalytical Chemistry Borstel D\u201023845 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Vollmuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology University of W\u00fcrzburg, Biocenter Am Hubland W\u00fcrzburg D\u201097074 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karthika","family":"Karunakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology University of W\u00fcrzburg, Biocenter Am Hubland W\u00fcrzburg D\u201097074 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Goebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Max von Pettenkofer\u2010Institute Pettenkoferstr. 9A M\u00fcnchen D\u201080336 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Eisenreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Chair of Biochemistry Lichtenbergstr. 4 Garching D\u201085745 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Rudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology University of W\u00fcrzburg, Biocenter Am Hubland W\u00fcrzburg D\u201097074 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004866"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"2001","article-title":"Amino acid requirements of strains of Chlamydia trachomatis and C. psittaci growing in McCoy cells: relationship with clinical syndrome and host origin","volume":"129","author":"Allan I.","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.108.5.617"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2351"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MBP-0002-2014","article-title":"Metabolic adaptations of intracellullar bacterial pathogens and their mammalian host cells during infection (\u201cPathometabolism\u201d)","volume":"3","author":"Eisenreich W.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiology Spectrum"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06337.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00433-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00601.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052378"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.693481"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1932"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"156","article-title":"Analysis of carbon substrates used by Listeria monocytogenes during growth in J774A.1 macrophages suggests a bipartite intracellular metabolism","volume":"4","author":"Grubm\u00fcller S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(97)01061-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1457-1464.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.12.1.211-220.1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.122.2.393-400.1975","article-title":"Utilization of L\u2010cell nucleoside triphosphates by Chlamydia psittaci for ribonucleic acid synthesis","volume":"122","author":"Hatch T.P.","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.150.2.662-670.1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13313"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01464.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.02102.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(00)00367-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.291799"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1255\/ejms.721"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.02167.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-11-3135"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.28.6.1098-1100.1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12892"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200909095"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.7.4286-4289.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1212831109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","volume-title":"Prevalence and Incidence of Selected Sexually Transmitted Infections","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1514026112"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3856"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12290"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.6.1397"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.24.16819"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.107.3.593-598.1971","article-title":"Deoxyribonucleic acid\u2010dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase activity in purified trachoma elementary bodies: effect of sodium chloride on ribonucleic acid transcription","volume":"107","author":"Sarov I.","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.8.2108-2115.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5389.754"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2013.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.4.1196-1202.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002258"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.20.3.632-639.1978","article-title":"Contrast of Glycogenesis and protein synthesis in monkey kidney cells and HeLa cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum","volume":"20","author":"Weigent D.A.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Infect Immu"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60836-3"}],"container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fmmi.13603","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mmi.13603","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T18:56:31Z","timestamp":1696532191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mmi.13603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/mmi.13603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mmi.13603","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-382X","1365-2958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-382X","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2958","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]]}}}