{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T04:57:55Z","timestamp":1789880275188,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,20]],"date-time":"2017-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31003A_135746 and 310030_156264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31003A_135746 and 310030_156264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Suramin is one of the first drugs developed in a medicinal chemistry program (Bayer, 1916), and it is still the treatment of choice for the hemolymphatic stage of African sleeping sickness caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Cellular uptake of suramin occurs by endocytosis, and reverse genetic studies with\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    have linked downregulation of the endocytic pathway to suramin resistance. Here\u00a0we show that forward selection for suramin resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. cultures is fast, highly reproducible and linked to antigenic variation. Bloodstream\u2010form trypanosomes are covered by a dense coat of variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), which protects them from their mammalian hosts' immune defenses. Each\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    genome contains over 2000 different\n                    <jats:italic>VSG<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, but only one is expressed at a time. An expression switch to one particular VSG, termed VSG\n                    <jats:sup>Sur<\/jats:sup>\n                    , correlated with suramin resistance. Reintroduction of the originally expressed\n                    <jats:italic>VSG<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene in resistant\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    restored suramin susceptibility. This is the first report of a link between antigenic variation and drug resistance in African trypanosomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,30]],"date-time":"2017-09-30T04:16:36Z","timestamp":1506744996000},"page":"57-67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Beyond immune escape: a variant surface glycoprotein causes suramin resistance in\n                    <i>Trypanosoma brucei<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Natalie","family":"Wiedemar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute  Basel CH\u20104002 Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel  Basel CH\u20104001 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice E.","family":"Graf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute  Basel CH\u20104002 Switzerland"},{"name":"University of 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