{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T10:38:58Z","timestamp":1778323138239,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The Lyme disease spirochete evades the host immune system by combinatorial variation of VlsE, a\u00a0surface antigen. Antigenic variation occurs via segmental gene conversion from contiguous silent cassettes into the\n                    <jats:italic>vlsE<\/jats:italic>\n                    locus. Because of the high degree of similarity between switch variants and the size of\n                    <jats:italic>vlsE<\/jats:italic>\n                    , short\u2010read NGS technologies have been unsuitable for sequencing\n                    <jats:italic>vlsE<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations. Here we use PacBio sequencing technology coupled with the first fully\u2010automated software pipeline (VAST) to accurately process NGS data by minimizing error frequency, eliminating heteroduplex errors and accurately aligning switch variants. We extend earlier studies by showing use of almost all of the\n                    <jats:italic>vlsE<\/jats:italic>\n                    SNP repertoire. In different tissues of the same mouse, 99.6% of the variants were unique, suggesting that dissemination of\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    is predominantly unidirectional with little tissue\u2010to\u2010tissue hematogenous dissemination. We also observed a similar number of variants in SCID and wild\u2010type mice, a heatmap of location and frequency of amino acid changes on the 3D structure and note differences observed in SCID versus wild type mice that hint at possible amino acid function. Our observed selection against diversification of residues at the dimer interface in wild\u2010type mice strongly suggests that dimerization is required for\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    functionality of\n                    <jats:italic>vlsE<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,4]],"date-time":"2017-11-04T03:58:37Z","timestamp":1509767917000},"page":"104-115","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Analysis of recombinational switching at the antigenic variation locus of the Lyme spirochete using a novel PacBio sequencing pipeline"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Theodore B.","family":"Verhey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mildred","family":"Castellanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9611-2095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Chaconas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary AB 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