{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T03:10:10Z","timestamp":1771989010543,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,9]],"date-time":"2018-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP\u201053086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP\u201053086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT\u2010153336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT\u2010153336"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> evades the host immune system by switching the surface antigen. VlsE, in a process known as antigenic variation. The DNA mechanisms and genetic elements present on the <jats:italic>vls<\/jats:italic> locus that participate in the switching process remain to be elucidated. Manipulating the <jats:italic>vls<\/jats:italic> locus has been difficult due to its instability on <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> plasmids. In this study, we generated for the first time a mini\u2010<jats:italic>vls<\/jats:italic> system composed of a single silent <jats:italic>vlsE<\/jats:italic> variable region (silent cassette 2) through the <jats:italic>vlsE<\/jats:italic> gene by performing some cloning steps directly in a highly transformable <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> strain. Variants of the mini system were constructed with or without the long inverted repeat (IR) located upstream of <jats:italic>vlsE<\/jats:italic>  and on both circular and linear plasmids to investigate the importance of the IR and plasmid topology on recombinational switching at <jats:italic>vlsE<\/jats:italic>. Amplicon sequencing using PacBio long read technology and analysis of the data with our recently reported pipeline and VAST software showed that the system undergoes switching in mice in both linear and circular versions and that the presence of the hairpin does not seem to be crucial in the linear version, however it is required when the topology is circular.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]],"date-time":"2018-07-11T19:05:00Z","timestamp":1531335900000},"page":"710-721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i> mini\u2010<i>vls<\/i> system that undergoes antigenic switching in mice: investigation of the role of plasmid topology and the long inverted repeat"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Mildred","family":"Castellanos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theodore B.","family":"Verhey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9611-2095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Chaconas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05895.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05533.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01698.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01521-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.05951-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033280"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.112408.134037"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.12.3229"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.15.7059"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000293"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000680"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000073406"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02511.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.11.7083-7090.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168994"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(01)00433-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.25.11.2054-2058.1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.9.4798-4804.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.11.6577-6585.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00207-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000679"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00027-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/21.8.1719"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0806-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0038-2014","article-title":"vls Antigenic Variation Systems of Lyme Disease Borrelia: Eluding Host Immunity through both Random, Segmental Gene Conversion and Framework Heterogeneity","volume":"2","author":"Norris S. 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