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The spirochetes are transmitted by ticks to vertebrate hosts, including small\u2010 and medium\u2010sized mammals, birds, reptiles, and humans. Strain\u2010to\u2010strain variation in host\u2010specific infectivity has been documented, but the molecular basis that drives this differentiation is still unclear. Spirochetes possess the ability to evade host immune responses and colonize host tissues to establish infection in vertebrate hosts. In turn, hosts have developed distinct levels of immune responses when invaded by different species\/strains of Lyme borreliae. Similarly, the ability of Lyme borreliae to colonize host tissues varies among different spirochete species\/strains. One potential mechanism that drives this strain\u2010to\u2010strain variation of immune evasion and colonization is the polymorphic outer surface proteins produced by Lyme borreliae. In this review, we summarize research on strain\u2010to\u2010strain variation in host competence and discuss the evidence that supports the role of spirochete\u2010produced protein polymorphisms in driving this variation in host specialization. Such information will provide greater insights into the adaptive mechanisms driving host and Lyme borreliae association, which will lead to the development of interventions to block pathogen spread and eventually reduce Lyme borreliosis health burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]],"date-time":"2019-01-23T08:46:03Z","timestamp":1548233163000},"page":"868-882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Outer surface protein polymorphisms linked to host\u2010spirochete association in Lyme borreliae"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Danielle M.","family":"Tufts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York NY 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