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But on the other hand, they are potentially toxic because they generate reactive oxygen species or displace other metals from proteins, turning them inactive. This dual effect of metals forces cells to maintain homeostasis using a variety of systems to import and export them. These systems are usually inducible, and their expression is regulated by metal sensors and signal\u2010transduction mechanisms, one of which is mediated by extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors. In this review, we have focused on the metal\u2010responsive ECF sigma factors, several of which are activated by iron depletion (FecI, FpvI and PvdS), while others are activated by excess of metals such as nickel and cobalt (CnrH), copper (CarQ and CorE) or cadmium and zinc (CorE2). We focus particularly on their physiological roles, mechanisms of action and signal transduction pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,12]],"date-time":"2019-06-12T11:43:54Z","timestamp":1560339834000},"page":"385-398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Metal\u2010responsive RNA polymerase extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Aurelio","family":"Moraleda\u2010Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada Avda. 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