{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T19:01:15Z","timestamp":1774465275821,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]],"date-time":"2019-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>AtxA, the master virulence gene regulator of <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>, is a PRD\u2010Containing Virulence Regulator (PCVR) as indicated by the crystal structure, post\u2010translational modifications and activity of the protein. PCVRs are transcriptional regulators, named for PTS Regulatory Domains (PRDs) subject to phosphorylation by the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PEP\u2010PTS) and for their impact on virulence gene expression. Here we present data from experiments employing physiological, genetic and biochemical approaches that support a model in which the PTS proteins HPr and Enzyme I (EI) are required for transcription of the <jats:italic>atxA<\/jats:italic> gene, rather than phosphorylation of AtxA. We show that <jats:italic>atxA<\/jats:italic> transcription is reduced 2.5\u2010fold in a mutant lacking HPr and EI, and that this change is sufficient to affect anthrax toxin production. Mutants harboring HPr proteins altered for phosphotransfer activity were unable to restore <jats:italic>atxA<\/jats:italic> transcription to parent levels, suggesting that phosphotransfer activity of HPr and EI is important for regulation of <jats:italic>atxA<\/jats:italic>. In a mouse model for anthrax, a HPr<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup> EI<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup> mutant was attenuated for virulence. Virulence was restored by expressing <jats:italic>atxA<\/jats:italic> from an alternative, PTS\u2010independent, promoter. Our data support a model in which HPr transfers a phosphate to an unidentified downstream transcriptional regulator to influence <jats:italic>atxA<\/jats:italic> gene transcription.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T02:05:07Z","timestamp":1572487507000},"page":"237-252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Influence of the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system on toxin gene expression and virulence in <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4918-5814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi","family":"Bier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas \u2013 Houston Health Science Center, UTHealth M.D. Anderson Graduate 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