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While immunocompetent hosts do not typically show symptoms of acute infection, parasites are retained in latent tissue cysts that can be reactivated upon immune suppression, potentially damaging key organ systems. <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> has a multistage life cycle that is intimately linked to environmental stresses and host signals. As this protozoan pathogen is transmitted between multiple hosts and tissues, it evaluates these external signals to appropriately differentiate into distinct life cycle stages, such as the transition from its replicative stage (tachyzoite) to the latent stage (bradyzoite) that persists as tissue cysts. Additionally, in the gut of its definitive host, felines, <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> converts into gametocytes that produce infectious oocysts (sporozoites) that are expelled into the environment. In this review, we highlight recent advances that have illuminated the interfaces between <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> and host and how these interactions control parasite stage conversion. Mechanisms underlying these stage transitions are important targets for therapeutic intervention aimed at thwarting parasite transmission and pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T04:40:06Z","timestamp":1603946406000},"page":"839-848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Host sensing and signal transduction during <i>Toxoplasma<\/i> stage conversion"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Augusto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry &amp; Molecular Biology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN 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