{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:18:09Z","timestamp":1788520689365,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005440","name":"Center for Scientific Review","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R21AI153945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21AI153945"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> species are tick\u2010borne intracellular parasites that infect the red blood cells of their mammalian host, leading to severe or fatal disease. <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> spp. infect a wide range of mammalian species and cause a significant economic burden globally, predominantly through disease in cattle. Several <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> spp. are increasingly being recognized as zoonotic pathogens of humans. <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> spp. have complex life cycles involving multiple stages in the tick and the mammalian host. The parasite utilizes complex signaling pathways during replication, egress, and invasion in each of these stages. They must also rapidly respond to their environment when switching between the mammalian and tick stages. This review will focus on the signaling pathways and environmental stimuli that <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> spp. utilize in the bloodstream and for transmission to the tick, with an emphasis on the role of phosphorylation\u2010 and calcium\u2010based signaling during egress and invasion. The expanding availability of in vitro and in vivo culture systems, genomes, transcriptomes, and transgenic systems available for a range of <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> spp. should encourage further biological and translational studies of these ubiquitous parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T08:05:46Z","timestamp":1607069146000},"page":"882-890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A framework for signaling throughout the life cycle of <i>Babesia<\/i> species"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7025-7835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan","family":"Elsworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases Harvard T.H. 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