{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:21:52Z","timestamp":1790670112899,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR\u201011\u2010LABX\u20100024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR\u201011\u2010LABX\u20100024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR\u201016\u2010CE15\u20100010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR\u201016\u2010CE15\u20100010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR\u201020\u2010CE18\u20100013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR\u201020\u2010CE18\u20100013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002915","name":"Fondation pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EQU201903007823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQU201903007823"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002915","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Apicomplexan parasites encompass diverse pathogens for humans and animals, including the causative agents of malaria and toxoplasmosis, <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> spp. and <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>. Genetic manipulation of these parasites has become central to explore parasite biology, unravel gene function and identify new targets for therapeutic strategies. Tremendous progress has been achieved over the past years with the advent of next generation sequencing and powerful genome editing methods. In particular, various methods for conditional gene expression have been developed in both <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> to knockout or knockdown essential genes, or for inducible expression of master developmental regulators or mutant versions of proteins. Conditional gene expression can be achieved at three distinct levels. At the DNA level, inducible site\u2010specific recombinases allow conditional genome editing. At the RNA level, regulation can be achieved during transcription, using stage\u2010specific or regulatable promoters, or post\u2010transcriptionally through alteration of mRNA stability or translation. At the protein level, several systems have been developed for inducible degradation or displacement of a protein of interest. In this review, we provide an overview of current systems for conditional control of gene expression in <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> parasites, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]],"date-time":"2021-09-26T12:16:27Z","timestamp":1632658587000},"page":"618-631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A toolbox for conditional control of gene expression in apicomplexan parasites"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Briquet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM CNRS Centre d\u2019Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Sorbonne Universit\u00e9  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0047-8189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Gissot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS Inserm CHU Lille Institut Pasteur de Lille Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille CIIL, Univ. Lille  Lille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0525-6940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Silvie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM CNRS Centre d\u2019Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Sorbonne Universit\u00e9  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001029"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2301"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth1132"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6713"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20130124"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2019.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03054\u201019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564\u2010019\u20100521\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13574"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4223"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00921\u201019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.598"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378\u20101119(99)00202\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.01.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00375\u201017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.2728"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201053325\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.06.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404416101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149296"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01231-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12206"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201800001X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001132"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.070367"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236616"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan6042"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000154"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10727"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193538"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6329"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13466"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008363"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(84)90154-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13981"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1438-8_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010019\u201008318\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.465583"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564\u2010018\u20100177\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth1134"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02517-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.50598"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00358-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12964"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2010.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201054854\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201796794"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21800"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gng131"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564\u2010018\u20100223\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20216-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201003984\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078661"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003213"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010017\u201000053\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2011.363"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5098"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2011.01683.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky373"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.228791"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.012646"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2020.111346"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04139-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz5057"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.22.e115"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500112102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1074553"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e05-04-0281"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018449108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2306"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1526-968X(200002)26:2<99::AID-GENE1>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1401"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00325-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2012.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00905\u201018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130356"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.9b00460"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24280"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073783"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00457\u201020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00605-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12656"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.1998.0593"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13485"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.9b00093"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2021.111384"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002392"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20200549"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2011.01686.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008316"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01170\u201019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.12.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006331"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.007121"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010020\u20103918\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936\u2010019\u20103012\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01972\u201019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1813542116"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001138"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb1777"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003\u2010021\u201002273\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3149"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_122_1","first-page":"360","article-title":"Uncovering the essential genes of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum by saturation mutagenesis","volume":"4","author":"Zhang M.","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mmi.14821","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/mmi.14821","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mmi.14821","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]],"date-time":"2023-08-27T10:09:16Z","timestamp":1693130956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mmi.14821"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/mmi.14821"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mmi.14821","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-382X","1365-2958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-382X","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2958","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-09-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}