{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:42:40Z","timestamp":1789828960027,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":367,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS1755286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS1755286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004857","name":"New York State Department of Health - Wadsworth Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004857","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Emerging and re\u2010emerging pathogens often stem from zoonotic origins, cycling between humans and animals, and are frequently vectored and maintained by hematophagous arthropod vectors. The efficiency by which these disease agents are successfully transmitted between vertebrate hosts is influenced by many factors, including the host on which a vector feeds. The Lyme disease bacterium <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> sensu lato has adapted to survive in complex host environments, vectored by <jats:italic>Ixodes<\/jats:italic> ticks, and maintained in multiple vertebrate hosts. The versatility of Lyme borreliae in disparate host milieus is a compelling platform to investigate mechanisms dictating pathogen transmission through complex networks of vertebrates and ticks. Squamata, one of the most diverse clade of extant reptiles, is comprised primarily of lizards, many of which are readily fed upon by <jats:italic>Ixodes<\/jats:italic> ticks. Yet, lizards are one of the least studied taxa at risk of contributing to the transmission and life cycle maintenance of Lyme borreliae. In this review, we summarize the current evidence, spanning from field surveillance to laboratory infection studies, supporting their contributions to Lyme borreliae circulation. We also summarize the current understanding of divergent lizard immune responses that may explain the underlying molecular mechanisms to confer Lyme spirochete survival in vertebrate hosts. This review offers a critical perspective on potential enzootic cycles existing between lizard\u2010tick\u2010<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> interactions and highlights the importance of an eco\u2010immunology lens for zoonotic pathogen transmission studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.15271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T01:20:15Z","timestamp":1717464015000},"page":"1262-1272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Lizards and the enzootic cycle of <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i> sensu lato"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Tristan A.","family":"Nowak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health  Albany New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences State University of New York at Albany  Albany New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell L.","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Hofstra University  Hempstead New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Diuk\u2010Wasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5240-2031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi\u2010Pin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health  Albany New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences State University of New York at Albany  Albany New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University  North Grafton Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.3.1526-1532.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/90609"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.2.303"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127450"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjab055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"Lacertid lizards introduced into North America: history and future","author":"Burke R.L.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1506279112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.5.2616-2625.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.3.1316-1318.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00488-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgad234"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1203.050899"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10233-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-008-1012-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.36.92"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118977705.ch1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13894"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021199914816"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.4.768"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","volume-title":"Hylogenetic relationships within Squamata. Phylogenetic relationships of the lizard families","author":"Estes R.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2017.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1053R1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43160-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009801"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M007994200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05971-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/27.3.324"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-082509-141646"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.037721"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00571"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09575"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2021.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200323571"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2000)086[1223:ACSOMA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0400-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(01)02298-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1475"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.3.1248-1251.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.42.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/26.4.272"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-738R1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284524"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","first-page":"262","article-title":"Associations between TLR polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"30","author":"Lee Y.H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.54.92"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/34.6.594"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.355"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","article-title":"Cellular and immunological mechanisms influence host\u2010adapted phenotypes in a vector\u2010borne microparasite","volume":"289","author":"Lin Y.P.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/07-1047.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0233733100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200209000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1212.060784"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023675"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/27.6.1011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.328"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2301549120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10081513"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3286-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2007.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13206"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Measurement of complement hemolytic activity, generation of complement\u2010depleted sera, and production of hemolytic intermediates","volume":"150","author":"Morgan B.P.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101887"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/3418"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2284"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12218"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9050933"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.102081"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283605"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2009.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz242"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2022.0095"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2714"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0195"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010734"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Toll\u2010like receptor cascade and gene polymorphism in host\u2010pathogen interaction in Lyme disease","volume":"9","author":"Rahman S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Inflammation Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0168-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00285-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/14-503.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793102006103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/08-2106.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.4.2534"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00250-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34383"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.0548"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-42"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10101036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.0364"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/Ge-3081RN"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073819858263"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.7.4303-4312.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00901-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101766"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314922"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.214171"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icac022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.038315"}],"container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1111\/mmi.15271","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mmi.15271","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T03:52:33Z","timestamp":1718250753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mmi.15271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/mmi.15271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mmi.15271","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-382X","1365-2958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-382X","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2958","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}