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Hence, there is a need for a deeper understanding of host\u2013pathogen interactions to inform the development of alternative therapeutic approaches, like host\u2010directed therapy (HDT), aimed at improving host antimycobacterial defenses. However, compared to\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) infections, knowledge of host\u2013pathogen interactions for\n                    <jats:italic>Mav<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection is still limited. To address this knowledge gap, we performed a genome\u2010wide host transcriptomic analysis of\n                    <jats:italic>Mav<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010infected primary human macrophages\u2014the primary host cell\u2014alongside\n                    <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010infected macrophages to leverage insights from\n                    <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                    research. Our findings show substantial overlap in the gene expression patterns between\n                    <jats:italic>Mav<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010infected and\n                    <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010infected macrophages, including induction of cytokine responses and modulation of various G\u2010protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) involved in (lipid\u2010mediated) macrophage immune functions. Notable differences were observed in the expression of immediate early genes (IEGs), phospholipases, and genes of the GTPase of immunity\u2010associated protein (GIMAP) family. This study laid a foundation for identifying both shared and\n                    <jats:italic>Mav<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010specific host response pathways, providing direction for future investigations into host\u2013pathogen interactions during\n                    <jats:italic>Mav<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and the identification of novel targets for HDT.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.70045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T04:19:33Z","timestamp":1767673173000},"page":"185-202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Macrophages During\n                    <i>Mycobacterium avium<\/i>\n                    Versus\n                    <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>\n                    Infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"G\u00fcl","family":"Kilin\u00e7","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6247-9705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin H. 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