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In this study, we characterized the effects of\n                    <jats:italic>lon<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutation and determined the molecular mechanisms underlying Lon\u2010mediated virulence regulation in\n                    <jats:italic>Erwinia amylovora<\/jats:italic>\n                    , an enterobacterial pathogen of apple.\n                    <jats:italic>Erwinia amylovora<\/jats:italic>\n                    depends on the type III secretion system (T3SS) and the exopolysaccharide (EPS) amylovoran to cause disease. Our results showed that mutation of the\n                    <jats:italic>lon<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene led to the overproduction of amylovoran, increased T3SS gene expression and the non\u2010motile phenotype. Western blot analyses showed that mutation in\n                    <jats:italic>lon<\/jats:italic>\n                    directly affected the accumulation and stability of HrpS\/HrpA and RcsA. Mutation in\n                    <jats:italic>lon<\/jats:italic>\n                    also indirectly influenced the expression of\n                    <jats:italic>flhD<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>hrpS<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>csrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    through the accumulation of the RcsA\/RcsB proteins, which bind to the promoter of these genes. In addition,\n                    <jats:italic>lon<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression is under the control of CsrA, possibly at both the transcriptional and post\u2010transcriptional levels. Although mutation in\n                    <jats:italic>csrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    abolished both T3SS and amylovoran production, deletion of the\n                    <jats:italic>lon<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene in the\n                    <jats:italic>csrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant only rescued amylovoran production, but not T3SS. These results suggest that CsrA might positively control both T3SS and amylovoran production partly by suppressing Lon, whereas CsrA may also play a critical role in T3SS by affecting unknown targets.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,16]],"date-time":"2017-05-16T06:26:39Z","timestamp":1494915999000},"page":"827-840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Lon protease modulates virulence traits in\n                    <i>Erwinia amylovora<\/i>\n                    by direct monitoring of major regulators and indirectly through the Rcs and Gac\u2010Csr regulatory systems"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jae Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Ancona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana IL 61801 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