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The development and carpogenic germination of sclerotia are regulated by integrating signals from both environmental and endogenous processes. Here, we report the regulatory functions of the\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u00a0sclerotiorum<\/jats:italic>\n                    GATA\u2010type IVb zinc\u2010finger transcription factor SsNsd1 in these processes. SsNsd1 is orthologous to the\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus nidulans<\/jats:italic>\n                    NsdD (never in sexual development) and the\n                    <jats:italic>Neurospora crassa<\/jats:italic>\n                    SUB\u20101 (submerged protoperithecia\u20101) proteins.\n                    <jats:italic>Ssnsd1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene transcript accumulation remains relatively low, but variable, during vegetative mycelial growth and multicellular development.\n                    <jats:italic>Ssnsd1<\/jats:italic>\n                    deletion mutants (\u0394\n                    <jats:italic>nsd1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010KOs) produce phialides and phialospores (spermatia) excessively in vegetative hyphae and promiscuously within the interior medulla of sclerotia. In contrast, phialospore development occurs only on the sclerotium surface in the wild\u2010type. Loss of SsNsd1 function affects sclerotium structural integrity and disrupts ascogonia formation during conditioning for carpogenic germination. As a consequence, apothecium development is abolished. The\n                    <jats:italic>Ssnsd1<\/jats:italic>\n                    deletion mutants are also defective in the transition from hyphae to compound appressorium formation, resulting in a loss of pathogenicity on unwounded hosts. In sum, our results demonstrate that SsNsd1 functions in a regulatory role similar to its ascomycete orthologues in regulating sexual and asexual development. Further, SsNsd1 appears to have evolved as a regulator of pre\u2010penetration infectious development required for the successful infection of its many hosts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]],"date-time":"2017-12-11T07:51:18Z","timestamp":1512978678000},"page":"1679-1689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["The GATA\u2010type IVb zinc\u2010finger transcription factor SsNsd1 regulates asexual\u2013sexual development and appressoria formation in\n                    <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jingtao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA"},{"name":"College of Plant Science Jilin University Changchun Jilin Province 130062 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA"},{"name":"College of Plant Science Jilin University Changchun Jilin Province 130062 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selvakumar","family":"Veluchamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanzhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Science Jilin University Changchun Jilin Province 130062 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA"},{"name":"College of Plant Science Jilin University Changchun Jilin Province 130062 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Science Jilin University Changchun Jilin Province 130062 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9897-6292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Rollins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002230"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-011-1137-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07060669409500766"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1364-3703.2005.00316.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI.2004.17.4.404"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2009.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.py.13.090175.001125"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601456103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evx030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-20-8-0944"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"2543","article-title":"Sexual behaviour and mating system of Botryotinia fuckeliana, teleomorph of Botrytis cinerea","volume":"134","author":"Faretra F.","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. 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