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The second\u2010stage juveniles of\n                    <jats:italic>Heterodera schachtii<\/jats:italic>\n                    induce syncytial feeding sites in host roots. To ascertain whether the development of syncytia alters photosynthesis and the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS), chlorophyll\n                    <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                    fluorescence measurements and antioxidant responses were studied in\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    shoots on the day of inoculation and at 3, 7 and 15 days post\u2010inoculation (dpi). Nematode parasitism caused an accumulation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide molecules in the shoots of infected plants at 3 dpi, probably as a result of the observed down\u2010regulation of antioxidant enzymes. These changes were accompanied by an increase in RNA and lipid oxidation markers. The activities of antioxidant enzymes were found to be enhanced on infection at 7 and 15 dpi, and the content of anthocyanins was elevated from 3 dpi. The fluorescence parameter\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>fd<\/jats:sub>\n                    , defining plant vitality and the photosynthetic capacity of leaves, decreased by 11% only at 7 dpi, and non\u2010photochemical quenching (NPQ), indicating the effectiveness of photoprotection mechanisms, was about 16% lower at 3 and 7 dpi. As a result of infection, the ultrastructure of chloroplasts was changed (large starch grains and plastoglobules), and more numerous and larger peroxisomes were observed in the mesophyll cells of leaves. We postulate that the joint action of antioxidant enzymes\/molecules and photochemical mechanisms leading to the maintenance of photosynthetic efficiency promotes the fine\u2010tuning of the infected plants to oxidative stress induced by parasitic cyst nematodes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,14]],"date-time":"2017-12-14T09:02:52Z","timestamp":1513242172000},"page":"1690-1704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Systemic changes in photosynthesis and reactive oxygen species homeostasis in shoots of\n                    <i>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/i>\n                    infected with the beet cyst nematode\n                    <i>Heterodera schachtii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8014-1644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Labudda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2010SGGW  02\u2010776 Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"R\u00f3\u017ca\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2010SGGW  02\u2010776 Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"Czarnocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2010SGGW  02\u2010776 Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miros\u0142aw","family":"Sobczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2010SGGW  02\u2010776 Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta Maria","family":"Dzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2010SGGW  02\u2010776 Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.122.4.1201"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-014-1715-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-013-0021-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092759"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(92)90503-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.111.086694"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2389624"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ert359"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(55)02300-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"405","article-title":"Products of lipid, protein and RNA oxidation as signals and regulators of gene expression in plants","volume":"6","author":"Chmielowska\u2010B\u0105k J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. 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